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Thirty-Sixth Annual Report

OF THE

Entomological Society

OF

ONTARIO

1905.

(Published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto.)

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO.

TORONTO: I?3)vSSm

Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Maj«ty.

1906.

'W

Thirty-Sixth Annual Report

OF THE

Entomological Society

OF

ONTARIO

1905.

(Published by the Ontario Department of Agriculture, Toronto.)

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO.

TORONTO :
Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King's Most Excellent Majesty.

1906.

WARWICK BRO'S & RUTTER, Limited, Printeirs,
TORONTO.

To the Honorable William Mortimer Clarke, K.C,

Lieutenant-Governor of Ontario.

May it Please Tour Honor :

The undersigned begs to present herewith for the consideration of His
Honor the Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for 1905.

Respectfully submitted,

Toronto, 1906.

NELSON MONTEITH,

Minister of Agriculture.

[3]

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Letter op Transmission 5

Officers for 1905-6 6

Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario 7

Reports on Insects of the Year — Division No, 1, C. H. Young 7

" " " Division No. 2, C. E. Grant 9

Division No. 3,, J. B. Williams 9

" " Division No. 5, C. J. S. Bethune 10

Discussion of the Directors' Reports 13

The Tussocks: Rev. Thos. W. Fyles 15

The Tussock Moth Situation in Montreal: Henry H. Ly^man 18

Entomological Conditions in North Carolina: Franklin Sherman, Jr 20

Experiments Against the San Jose Scale in 1905: Wm. Lochhead 27

A Review of the Mosquito Work in New Jersey: John B. Smith 34

Exhibit of Specimens 38

Report of the Council 39

Montreal Branch 41

Quebec Branch 42

Toronto Branch 43

Guelph Branch 44

Librarian and Curator 46

Treasurer 46

Delegate to the Royal Society 47

Annual Address of the President: J. D. Evans 49

Insects as Nature Studies: S. B. McCready 52

Notes on the Season of 1905: Charles Stevenson 53

Forest Insects* Rev. Thos. W. Fyles 56

The Advantages and Disadvantages of the Canadian Entomologist : Rev.

Thos. W. Fyles 61

Orthoptera and Odonata from Algonquin Park: E. M. Walker 64

Butterfly Collecting in Canada, 1904: Mrs. Nicholl 70

Notes on Mrs. Nicholl's Paper: Dr. James Fletcher 79

Insects Injurious to Canadian Crops in 1905: Dr. James Fletcher 81

Entomological Record: Dr. James Fletcher 90

Notes of Captures ' 96

Injurious Insects of the Fkwer Garden: Arthur Gibson 105

Forest Entomology: E. J. Zavitz 123

Phlox Mite — Tetranychus Bimaculatus : T. D. Jarvis 127

Blue Spruce Saw Fly— Lyda : T. D. Jarvis 127

Bumble Bees that Fertilize the Red Clover: T. D. Jarvis 128

Injurious Insects of 1905 in Ontario: W. Lochhead 129

Report of the British Columbia Branch 138

List of Canadian Members of Entomological Society 139

I NDEX 141

THIRTY-SIXTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

Entomological Society of Ontario

1905.

To the Honourable Nelson Monteith, Minister of Agriculture :

Sir, — I have tlie honour to present herewith the Thirty-sixth Annual
Eeport of the Entomological Society of Ontario, which contains the pro-
ceedings of the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the Society. By kind
invitation of President Creelman, this was held at the Ontario Agricultural
College, Guelph, and was one of the most successful and interesting in the
annals of the Society. The following Report contains a full account of
the proceedings, the papers read and discussed and the reports of the various
0£&cers and Branches of the Society. Two new Branches have been formed
during the present year, one in British Columbia and the other at Guelph,
and large additions have been made to the membership.

The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine of the Society, has
been regularly issued during the year, and has now completed its thirty-
seventh volume, containing no less than 428 pages.

I have the honour to be. Sir,

Your obedient servant,

CHARLES J. S. BETHUNE,

Editor.
London, Ontario.

[5]

Entomological Society of Ontario.

OFFICERS FOE 1905-1906.

President — J. D. Evans, F.L.S., C.E., Trenton.

Vice-President — Dr. James Fletcher, Ottawa.

Secretary — W. E. Saunders, London.

Treasurer — J. A. Balk will, London.

Directors: Division. No. 1 — C. H. Young, Hurdman's Bridge.
Division No. 2 — C. E. Grant, Orillia.
Division No. 3 — J. B. Williams, Toronto.
Division No. 4 — G. E. Fisher, Burlington.
Division No. 5 — Prof. Franklin Sherman, Guelph.

Directors Ex-oficio — (Ex-Presidents of the Society) — Professor Wm.
Saunders, C.M.G., LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Director of the Experimental
Farms of the Dominion, Ottawa; Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L.,
F.R.S.C, London; James Fletcher, LL.D., F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Entomologist
and Botanist of the Experimental Farms, Ottawa; W Hague Harrington,
F.R.S.C, Ottawa; Professor John Dearness, Vice-Principal Normal School,
London; Henry H. Lyman, M.A., F.R.G.S., F.E.S., Montreal; Rev. T. W.
Fyles, D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, P.Q.; Professor Wm. Lochhead, B.A., M.S.,
Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

Librarian and Curator — Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, London.

Auditors — W. H. Hamilton and F. A. Stuart, London.

Editor of the "Canadian Entomologist" — Rev. Dr. Bethune, London.

Editing Committee — Dr. Fletcher, Ottawa; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; J.
D. Evans, Trenton; Prof. Lochhead, Guelph; G. E. Fisher, Burlington; J. B.
Williams and C. W. Nash, Toronto.

Delegate to the Royal Society — A. F. Winn, Montreal.

Delegates to the Western Fair — J. A. Balkwill and W. E. Saunders.

Finance Committee — J. Dearness, J. A. Balkwill and Dr. Bethune.

Library and Rooms Committee — Messrs. Balkwill, Bethune, Bowman,
Dearness and Saunders, London.

[B]

Entomological Society of Ontario.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The forty-second annual meeting of tlie Society was held, by kind invit-
ation of President Creelman, at tlie Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, on
Wednesaay and Thursday, October 18tli and 19tli. Owing to the unavoidable
absence of Mr. John D. Evans, President of the Society, the chair was taken
by the Vice-President, Dr. James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist and Bot-
anist, Ottawa. Among those present were: Rev. Dr. Eyles, Quebec; Mr. H.
H. Lyman, Montreal; Mr. C. H. Young, Hurdman's Bridge; Mr. Arthur
Gibson, Ottawa; Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for On-
tario; Messrs. J. B. Williams and C. W. Nash, Toronto; Mr. G. E. Fisher,
Burlington; Rev. Dr. Bethune, London; President Creelman, Professors
Lochhead, McCready, Sherman, Hutt, Reed, Messrs. Zavitz, Barlow, Jarvis,
Hotson, Klugh, and others, Guelph. There were also present a large number
of the young women students from the Macdonald Institute and of young
men from the Agricultural College. At some of the meetings the attendance
was over onri hundred. The Society was also favored with the presence of
Professor John B. Smith, State Entomologist of New Jersey, and a Professor
in Rutger's College, one of our honorary members.

During the first morning a business meeting of the Council was held, at
which the Treasurer's report was received and adopted. Application was
made by a number of gentlemen belonging to the Agricultural College and
the Wellington Field Naturalists' Club for the formation of a Guelph Branch
of the Entomological Society of Ontario. The request was very heartily ac-
ceded to, and the Branch was inaugurated with an initial list of twenty-four
members.

Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, of the University of Colorado, Boulder,
Colo., an eminent entomologist, especially distinguished by his work in the
Coccidfp and Hymenoptera, was unanimously elected an honorary member.

The members of the Society from a distance were very hospitably enter-
tained at luncheon by President Creelman.

In the afternoon Dr. Fletcher took the chair at 2.30 o'clock, and called
upon the Directors of the Society to read their reports on the noteworthy in-
sects of the year in their respective divisions. The reports for the first three
Divisions were read, and Mr. Fisher explained his inability to prepare a re-
port for Division 4 owing to the pressure of business during the summer
months. Prof. McCready also had no report to make for Division 5, as he
bad removed from London to Guelph before the opening of the season, but his
place was filled by Dr. Bethune.

REPORTS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAR.

Division No. 1 — Ottawa District. By C. H. Young, Hurdman's Bridge.

Like the two preceding years, the season of 1905 has not, in the Ottawa

District, been marked by any serious outbreaks of injurious kinds of insects.

Early in the season the Red-backed cutworm, Paragrotis ochrogaster, was

17]

THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

very bad in gardens at Meach. Lake, Que., being particularly destructive to
onions, peas, cucumbers, vegetable marrow, and broad beans. Tliese cater-
pillars were extremely abundant in one garden which. I was observing, and
some evenings I killed as many as 150 and 200 specimens. Poisoned bran-
mash was applied, and wliile this must have done some good, still the cutworms
were so numerous that almost every green garden crop was eaten.

The Onion Maggot, as far as I observed, was not nearly so prevalent this
year as it was in 1904. Dr. Fletcher tells me that this season he has had
success with the Cook carbolic wash. In years of bad infestation nothing,
however, acts as a perfect remedy.

Tent caterpillars were slightly more numerous in 1905 than they were in
1904, and it would seem as if these troublesome insects are again on the in-
crease. Everyone (an do something to lessen the numbers of these cat-i-
pillars by cutting off, whenever seen, the unsightly tents and trampling upon
the contained larvse.

An insect which has been rather abundant in some orchards in my dis-
tiict, is the Woolly Aphis {ScJiizoneura lanigera) of the apple. (Fig. 1.)
The large snowy deposits on the limbs and trunks of trees are quite conspicu-
ous and when seen should be destroyed. This can be done in most instances if
the trees are not too large, by brushing the clusters off with a whisk, or some
other such instrument, dipped in kerosene emulsion, or even pure coal oil.
The Woolly Aphis on the alder has also been more than usually abundant this
year around Ottawa, some trees being almost wholly covered with these in-
sects. The Woolly Aphids on the alder are interesting on account of the
larvfe of Feniseca tarquinuis feeding upon them. This year these larvse
were quite abundant Eimong these Woolly deposits, and I have brought some
of the curious chrysalids to show here at this meeting. The larvse of Syrphus
flies were also busily engaged feeding upon the Woolly Aphids.

Young strawberry plants were destroyed in spring by White Grubs, the
larvae of the well-known June Bugs. They seemed to be very abundant the
past season.

In apple orchards, in which spraying had not been practised. Codling
Moth caterpillars did serious harm. In some orchards fully half the crop of
apples was destroyed. In the Ottawa District, I feel sure, however, that
owners of orchards are realizing more and more every year the value of spray-
ing their trees to protect them from insect and fungous enemies.

Red currant bushes were defoliated in some gardens by the well-known
Currant Saw-fly larvae. As it does not take these larvse very long to strip a
hush of its foliage, as soon as they are noticed a remedy should at once be ap-
plied. There are two broods of this insect in the season. The remedy for
the first one is to spray the bushes with a Paris green or some other arsenical
solution. For the second brood, which appears later in the season when the
fruit is formed, white hellebore should be dusted on to the bushes.

On some radish plants in my garden at Hurdman's Bridge this autumn,
which had gone to seed, I noticed a great number of specimens of the Zebra
caterpillar (Mamestra picta) (Fig. 2). As I was away at Meach Lake during
the summer, I have not been able to find out yet whether they did any serious
damage in turnip fields, etc., near by. The Birch Bucculatrix (B. Canadenns-
rlJa) was very bad on white birch trees at Meach Lake, the leaves having a
6( arred appearance, and falling prematurely from the trees. The insect did
not occur on birches nearer to Ottawa.

Fall Webworm was also noticeably abundant in September on forest
trees and in orchards. This insect is Such an easy one to destroy in orchards
that it is a wonder to me owners do not cut off the colonies of caterpillars
when first noticed.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The foliage of many maple trees around Ottawa was this year badly at-
tacked by the Maple-leaf Gall mite, Fhytoptus quadriyes, on numerous fine
trees, the leaves being conspicuously distorted by the galls made by this tiny
mite.

I have brought to the meeting a collection of Micro-Lepidoptera which I
have made at Ottawa and Meach Lake during the past two seasons. This year
I have mounted up nearly 1,500 of these small moths. I have also brought
some interesting larger moths, which are rare in the Ottawa District.

Division No. 2 — Midland District. By C. E. Grant.

This has been a fine year for the entomologist, many species appearing
in numbers surpassing anything seen since 1898, and whilst that was the
Ciise with some species, very little injury has been noticed or reported to me
from injurious insects. Of course the Codling moth {Carpocaysa povionella),
the Potato-beetle {Dorypliora decemlineata) are always with us, and Onion
Maggots (Phorbia ceparum) and the Cutworms of various kinds were also
plentiful Mam est ra arctica in particular. I again note the scarcity of the
imported Currant-worm {Nematus rihesii), the Tent-caterpillars {Clisiocampa
Americana and disstria) and also the Tomato Hawk-moth (Proptoparce cel-
eus). The Cottony Maple Scale was noted on the maple trees, but not in un-
usual quantities; Asparagus-beetles have not reached us yet. No complaints
were received of the Pea-weevil. The Tussock moths were abundant this
fall, Antigua being by far the most plentiful.

I have added a lot of new moths to my collection not yet identified. The
following I recognized, namelj^, Macronoctua onusta, Panclirysia purpurigera,
HadencL ducta, Perigea vecors, Remigia repanda, Prothymia rhodarialis, Ma-
rasmalus inficita, Noctua jucxmda, Ancyloxypha numitor, and a new Plusia,
making twenty-one species of this genus taken in Orillia.

Butterflies were very numerous, Grapta J . album, Vanessa antiopa, Py-
rameis cardui and hunte{ra, and Atlantis very much more so than ever before
noticed. The Geometrids were also very much in evidence ; among several
new ones mention might be made of Phasiane Orilliata, Macaria glomeraria,
Plagodis alcolaria, and Philereme Californiata.

On October 14th I tnok Remigia repanda, Aletia argillacea, Xylina an-
tennata, Orthosia ferruginoides, and Scopelosoma tristigmata.

Division No. 3 — Toronto District. By J. B. Williams, Toronto.

I was not well enough during the past summer to do much entomological
work, so that my observations on insect pests have been confined mainly to
the ravages of the Grey Tussock moth {Hemerocampa leucostigma) on the
shade trees in the streets of Toronto. (Figs. 3 and 4.) They were very num-
erous this year, especially on the horse-chestnuts.

The city authorities spent some money in the collection of the egg masses
during the past winter, but there are so many infested trees in private grounds
that the destruction of eggs on shade trees only cannot effectually check them.
There are eight chestnut trees on the grounds in front of the house where I
live, some of which were partially denuded of their foliage by these cater-
pillars. Towards the middle of July, while sitting under these trees, one
could hear a continual patter on the grass as the creatures dropped them-
selves down from the branches ; and quite an army of them were creeping
about the ground for several days, while they sought for places to pupate.
Females emerged and began to lay eggs about the 5th of August.

10

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

I offered a small sum to several boys on the street if tliey would clear the
cocoons oft' those eight trees. Some of them were good climbers, and they col-
lected, I believe, about two buckets full. The trees are now, apparently, free
from them, and it will be interesting to observe next season to what extent
this clearing has been effectual, for there are no other chestnut trees near
them.

Fig. 1. Woolly aphis
of the apple ; much en-
larged, except twig.

Fig. 2. o Zebra caterpillar, b the moth, Mames-
tra picta .

Walking-stick insects {DiaylieroTriera feviorata), which were so numerous
in some localities last year, have only appeared this year in about their ord-
inary numbers.

Tent caterpillars, as far as I have noticed, have been comparatively scarce
around Toronto, and Dr. Brodie's observations also confirm this statement.

I heard one complaint of apples, from a garden north of the city, having
worms in them, but I had no opportunity to examine any of them.

Division No. 5^-London District. By C. J. S, Bethune.

At the request of Professor McCready, whose appointment to the chair of
Nature Study at the Macdonald Institute, Guelph, caused his removal from
London last winter, I beg to make a report upon the noteworthy insects of the
l)ast season in that part of the country.

In the city of London itself public attention has been especially drawn
to the widespread abundance of the Cottony Maple Scale {Pulmnaria innum-
erahilis, Eathv.) on the shade trees of the streets and boulevards of the city.
(Fig. 5.) On the maple and basswood trees especially it was to be found in
countless nullions, snd the cottony tufts of egg-masses on the underside of
twigs and branches were so numerous and so close together as to look as if
the boughs had been thickly iipattered with whitewash. Towards the end of
August the leaves on many trees were curled and withered from the continu-
ous drain of the scale insects and began to fall prematurely; in some in-
stances the trees were almost bare by the first of September. Grape vines,
the Boston ivy, Virginia creeper, and many shrubs were included in the at-
tack, and injury was also caused to plants and flowers by the constant drip
of "honey dew" and the black fungus that grew wherever it fell. This at-
tack has been going on for some years and steadily increasing in extent, and
now it seems to have reached its culmination, and, we may hope, may begin to
decline. Two years ago at our annual meeting, I gave an account of this

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

11

insect and an outline of its life history ; as this was published in our Report
for 1903, it is unnecessary to go over the same ground again. In September
last the Park Superintendent and one of the aldermen asked the local mem-
bers of the Society to report upon this insect and the Tussock moth to the
City Council. This was accordingly done, and on the 2nd of October we at-
tended at the City Hall and were invited by the Mayor to present any report
we had to make.

a h

Fig . 3 . Tussock moth : a wingless female moth on its cocoon ; h young
caterpillar ; c chrysalis of female ; d of male ; e male moth .

Fig. 4. Tussock moth : full-grown cater-
pillar.

Fig. 5 . Cottony maple scale ; female scales
with tufts containing eggs .

The Tussock moth (Figs. 3 and 4) was the subject of newspaper articles
in the local press from time to time during tiie summer, and fears were ex-
pressed that, as it was very destructive in Toronto and doing some injury in
Hamilton, it might soon reach London. We were able to assure the City
Council that this dreaded insect had been well known in London to ento-
mologists for thirty or forty years, and that during the past summer it had
been as plentiful as usual. It was not, however, numerous enough to be a
cause of any alarm, and no injury to the trees of the city could be charged
t«^ it. A simple method of preventing its increase was suggested and will no
doubt be carried out, namely, the gathering and destroying during the win-
ter the masses of eggs laid by the wingless female moth on her cocoon.
These are white and conspicuous and in most cases within easy reach; they
are so few in number that any householder could clear the trees on his own
premises in a few minutes, and the work of removing them from the city trees
would involve but little labor. It was recommended that only the cocoons
bearing egg-masses should be destroyed, as the others contained either empty
male chrysalids or parasites.

With regard to the Cottony Maple Scale, we were unable to suggest any
practicable remedy. Two methods of dealing with the insect were mentioned
as worthy of adoption by anyone who wished to protect his own trees : first,
the spraying of the trees during the winter with the lime and sulphur wash
that is found so effective in the case of the San Jose Scale, in order to destroy
the female scales that winter on the twigs and branches of the trees; and
secondly, by spraying of the trees with kerosene emulsion towards the end of
June and during the first two weeks of July — three or four times in all — in

12

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

Older to destroy the lice when they are hatched from the egg-masses and are
moving about in search of a final resting place. At this particular time they
are exposed and can be reached by spraying, but as soon as they attach them-
selves to the leaves and become covered with their scale they are practically
invulnerable. The Park Superintendent was instructed to try these methods
on selected trees and report results next year, but it was felt to be beyond the
power of the city authorities to deal with the immense number of shade trees
throughout the city, unless they were quite sure of exterminating the pest.

By way^ of encouragement I mentioned to the Council that this insect is
well known in many cities in the United States, and the general experience has
been that after a few years of abundance it ceases to be numerous for a time
owing to the attacks of parasitic insects and the effects of atmospheric condi-
tions. It does not, as a rule, kill the trees, because its attacks do not strip off
the foliage nor entirely prevent the leaves from discharging their function,
though when so numerous as at present they must certainly impair the vigor,
if not the vitality, of the trees they infest. As an illustration of their num-
bers, I may mention that on a single maple leaf picked at random from a tree
r counted 707 scales on the under side and 72 on the upper surface. When we
consider the number of leaves on a large tree, the majority of which are in-
fested, the specific name innuTnerahilis seems most appropriate.

There were several other insect attacks during the year that may be men-
tioned, but they did not attract public attentijDn.

Fig. 6. May beetle . 1 pupa,
grab, 3 and 4 the beetles.

the w lute

White grubs (larvae of Lachnosterna or May Beetles) (Fig. 6), were
complained of in some cases both in Woodstock and London on account of the
damage they had clone to lawns by devouring the roots of the grass. As they
work underground and spend three years in the larval state, it is not easy
to prescribe a remedy. In the case of old pasture fields, where they sometimes
become very abundant, a simple remedy would be to plough up the sod and
turn in pigs or turkeys, and then to grow a root crop. Where lawns are badly
damaged it would be worth while to dig up the affected parts late in the
autumn and expose the grubs to the frost, or during the summer to remove the
tiod and soak the ground below with coal oil. Subsequently new earth could
be filled in and fresh turf laid.

Wire-worms (larvae of Elateridcv or Click-beetles) were very abundant in
many market gardens in the neighborhood of London. As these creatures also

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 13

work under ground it is difficult to find a remedy tliat will be effective.
Much, however, may be done to reduce their numbers by trapping them. This
is done by placing bunches of clover or sweetened meal poisoned with Paris
green under shingles or pieces of board where they are troublesome. The
insects are in the habit of taking refuge in the daytime beneath shelters of
this kind and will naturally partake of the poisoned food they find provided
for them.

The 12-spotted Asparagus beetle {Crioceris 12 -punctata) is becoming each
year more and more numerous in gardens about London. The other species,
C. asparagi, has not yet made its appearance. Dusting with air-slaked lime
seems to be the simplest and most effective remedy for getting rid of the
larvae which feed upon the foliage during the summer.

The Fall Web-worm (Hyphantria textor) has been somewhat in evidence
with its unsightly webs on some trees here and there on the city streets, and
on many shrubs and trees in Springbank Park. As soon as the Super-
intendent's attention was drawn to them, they were speedily got rid of
in the Park, but on private grounds many were left unmolested. It
is such an easy matter to remove the webs with a stick, and destroy the
inmates by trampling under foot, that there is no excuse for neglecting
them. It is true that they generally inflict but little damage upon the trees
owing to the lateness of their attack, but they are very unsightly and are
sometimes very injurious to young trees and shrubs.

The CodlingMoth is reported to have been more prevalent than usual
this year and, to have considerably affected the apple crop about London. The
itcrease of this serious pest is no doubt due to the neglect of spraying, and
possibly to ignorance of the fact that there are two broods in the year in this
region of country.

The Pea-weevil, on the other hand, is very little complained of, and could
be effectually checked if a combined effort were made by all growers and
seedsmen. Fumigation with bisulphide of carbon is an easy remedy and not
expensive. Its general adoption would soon restore the growing of peas to the
valuable position it formerly held in Ontario.

Regarding the Hessian fly, no complaints at all were heard and evi-
dently no appreciable damage was done.

Cutworms, Squash-bugs, Onion and other root maggots were as preva-
lent as usual and gave the market gardeners much trouble. On the whole
the season was not marked by any unusual or violent outbreak of insects, with
the exception of the Cottony Maple »Scale already referred to.

DISCUSSION OF THE DIEECTORS' REPORTS.

The Tussock moth was the first insect taken up for consideration.

Mr. T. D. Jarvis stated that at St. Catharines and in Toronto eighty per
cent, of the cocoons that he examined were parasitized by Pimplas and Chal-
eid flies.

Prof. J. B. Smith explained that one of these classes of insects was a sec-
ondary parasite upon the other, and could not, therefore, he credited with
aiding in the reduction of the Tussock moths, but rather the contrary.

Mr. C. W. Nash said that the Tussock moth was by no means confined to
cities, as he had found them abundant all through the County of York and
even as far away as St. Joseph's Island in Lake Huron. There he had found
a female depositing its eggs as late as the 8th of October. His experience was
\ery different trom that of Mr. Jarvis, for he had only found one cocoon in
400 narasitized ; many, however, were diseased and their contents had become
fluid.

14 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Prof, J. B. Smith had collected many egg-masses and found none that
v.eTe parasitized. In the southern part of the State of New Jersey there were
two broods of the insect in the year, but in the northern part only one. The
city of Newark is situated on the dividing line between the life-zones, and
consequently there are two broods in part of the city and only one in the rest.
Ten cents per quart was paid for egg-masses collected, but he considered spray-
ing with Paris green a much cheaper method of destruction, as it only cost
about ten cents per tree, while egg-collecting came to |2.50 when the attack
was severe. The egg-masses he found to contain an average of 200 eggs.

Dr. Fletcher, in reply to a question as to whether spraying should be
discontinued in order to avoid killing the parasites as well as the noxious in-
sects, stated that it was much safer to spray and be sure of killing the enemy,
especially as there was no certainty regarding the work of the parasites. In
answer to a further question, Does spraying kill internal parasites ? he replied.
Yes, if it destroys the insect which supplies its parasite with food. On one
occasion he had found a number of parasites in egg-masses on trees at the
corner of King and Simcoe streets, Toronto.

In remarking upon Dr. Bethune's paper, he stated that the Codling Moth
was one-brooded from Toronto eastward and two-brooded westward. At Ot-
tawa, where there is but one brood, spraying in the spring is sufficient for its
control, but at London the conditions are quite different. For the Cottony
Maple Scale he recommended treatment of the trees in winter with the lime
and sulphur wash. White-grubs in lawns may be checked by freely spraying
the affected portions with kerosene emulsion and then washing with water.
Click-beetles, the parents of Wire-worms, are attracted in large numbers to
the bait used at night in sugaring for moths, and might be largely destroyed
by this means. It was remarkable that the twelve-spotted Asparagus beetle
should have outstripped the other species in its advance westward through
Ontario; the latter (C. Asparagi) was spreading very slowly. The Pea-weevil
is at present somewhat scarce and therefore now is the time for a successful
fight against it. The growers of peas should not pay five times too much for
their seed, because peas infested with weevils only contain one-fifth of their
proper contents. The seedsmen are now fumigating their peas, because their
customers demand seeds that have been treated with bi-sulphide of carbon, —
the method is very simple and should be universally adopted.

Mr. C. W. Nash said that peas should be treated at once after they are
harvested, because a large proportion of the weevils emerge from the peas early
in October and thus escape fumigation, if it is postponed to a later date.
They may be found in immense numbers in barns where peas have been
stored.

Prof. J. B. Smith asked whether the White-grubs referred to by Dr.
Bethune were hairy or smooth. On being told that they were smooth and the
larvae of May-beetles (Lachnosfervn), he said that at Washington a few years
ago a lawn was so badly affected by White-grubs, which ate the roots of the
grass, that the turf could be rolled up like a carpet ; there the -grubs were
hairy and the larvae of Allorhina nitida (a beetle which does not occur in On-
tario).

In New Jersey they had had a similar experience to that in London with
the Cottony Maple Scale, — the city of Plainfield last year was the worst af-
fected and the numbers were similar to those described by Dr. Bethune. The
large wintering scales of the female he had found abundantly parasitized. A
Lady-bird beetle (Hyperaspis) was very numerous and attacked the scales.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15

while its larvae devoured the eggs in the cottony masses. The parasites be-
came more and more abundant as the season went on, and he had every con-
fidence that there would be little or no trouble from this insect at Plainfield
next year. His count of scales was similar, having found from 500 to 800 on
a single leaf. Insecticides of various kinds had been tried, but he could find
nothing that would kill the insects and not injure the foliage. He had, there-
fore, resorted to water from the city mains, and found that with a hose the
eggs could be washed off the trees if applied when the cottony masses are
opening early in May. This is a simple, easy and inexpensive remedy, and
one that is ready at hand for every one who has a lawn and hose for watering
it. If the scales are higher up than their usual position on the lower branches
they can usually be reached with the assistance of a step-ladder.

Mr. C. W. Nash spoke of the damage done to asters and dahlias by the
Tarnished Plant-bug {Lygus irratensis) and the trouble it gave to florists in
Toronto ; dusting with Pyrethrum insect powder was recommended as a rem-
edy. He also referred to the prevalence of Hydroecias {Gortynd) this year;
He had found them boring into the roots and stalks of rhubarb, dahlias, Rud-
beckia, burdock and in fact all' plants that were capable of holding them; two
species, Gortyna nitela and cataphracta, were especially abundant.

Dr. Fletcher drew attention to the good work being done by Mr. H. H.
Lyman and other entomologists in Montreal in breeding and tracing out the
life-histories of these moths. G. nitela was of use, as it destroys large num-
bers of Canada thistles and rag-weed.

THE "TUSSOCKS."

By The Rev. Thomas W. Fyles, D.C.L., F.L.S.

The common application "Tussock Moths," as applied to the perfect
insects of the species Orgyia antiqna, Linneus, and Orgyia leucostigma,
Smith and Abbot, (Fig. 7), is a misnomer. It is to the caterpillars of these
species that the name "Tussock" is properly applied — they are conspicu-
ously tussocJcy, or tufted, along the back, (Fig. 4). The generic name
Notolophus given to these insects by Germar signifies this : — Notos — the
back; Lophos — a crest. The male perfect insects of the two kinds have
been very appropriately called "Yapourers," because of their airy and un-
certain flight. They are known respectively as the "Brown Vapourer"
and the "Grey Vapourer." The females of both species are incapable of
flight, having only rudimentary wings.

The Greek generic name Orgyia was probably given because of the out-
stretched black pencils extending like arms from the shoulders of the larva.
The feminine specific name, antiqua, from the Latin, appropriately denotes
the grey and hunched form of the female moth. Linneus was often fanci-
ful in his application of names !

The term leuco.ttigma was given by Smith and Abbot to the Grey Va-
pourer on account of its white spots, (Fig. 3e) ; though the spots on Antiqua
are more conspicuous than they, because of their darker setting.

The genus Orgyia belongs to the family Liparidcs which, in England,
includes some very handsome, and also some very troublesome species.
Psilura Tnonacha, the "Black Arches," is a remarkably beautiful moth.
Porthetria dispar, the "Gypsy Moth," is handsome, but its larvae are de-
structive; whilst the larvae of Europroctis chrysorrhoea, the "Brown-Moth"

16

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

are offensive, not only from, their destructiveness, but also from the fact that
their barbed hairs are easily cast, and, alighting on the human skin, work
their way into its pores, and cause excessive irritation. In my early ef-
forts at raising insects, in England, I again and again experienced the
baneful effects of too close contact with these caterpillars.

The story of the introduction of the Brown-tail and Gypsy Moths to
Massachusetts has been well told in the publications of Messrs. Fernald and
Kirkland and Forbush; and so the evil reputation of these species has been
widely spread. People in Canada have looked for their advent with appre-
hension. It is not to be wondered at, therefore, that when the egg-masses of
an allied, but less injurious, species became conspicuous, to expectant eyes,
something like a panic occurred — it was thought that the dreadful Gypsy
Moth was come.

'ltOi*»AN S.C

Fig. 7. Tussock moth : a caterpillar; h and c chrysalids ; d and e male moths ; f and. g
female moths ; // eggs ; / male cocoons ; A- female moths and egg-masses on cococJns.

I have known both the Brown Tapourer and the Grey for many years.
The former, indeed, attracted my attention soon after my arrival in Canada;
for it was to me an old acquaintance. Both species are common at Quebec.
Leucostigma has been plentiful here for some years past — it has never done
noteworthy damage. Its favourite food here is the White Willow {Salix-
alba, Linneus) ; and patches of its eggs may at this present time (October,
1905), be seen on the bolls of the willows in the Custom House Square, and
along Mountain Hill.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17

I have always regarded tlie larvae of Antiqua and Leucostigma as harm-
less and very beautiful objects — creatures to be admired. I certainly read
with amused surprise the following paragraph in the "Montreal Daily Star"
of July 22nd last: —

"It is now beyond question that in addition to the caterpillars being
very destructive to vegetation, they are also poisonous to human beings.
They can let themselves down from a tree by means of a silken thread, simi-
lar to that made by the spider. They seem especially to like to get down
the back of one's neck, and they certainly do some painful work there."

What a thick skin a man must have who could let a caterpillar alight
on his neck, and not brush it off immediately !

Still further to alarm the public, and to show "that our troubles have
hardly commenced yet," the writer in the "Star" proceeds to describe the
ravages of the Gypsy Moth in Massachusetts, and re-produces some of the
illustrations from Forbush and Fernald's Eeport. There is a representation
of the Dexter Elm with ten men engaged in freeing it from the eggs of the
moth.

There, too, is a picture of the destroying of the eggs in a stone wall by
means of cyclone burner.

Both of these are likely to excite apprehension, but are hardly fair to
the Tussocks, who were not the guilty parties in the case. "Give a dog a
bad name and hang him!"

"We remember the "Kissing Bug Scare," in which kissing-bugs multi-
plied to such an extent that it was hard to believe that any damsel could
go unkissed.

In this Tussock Moth Scare, whatever damage has been done to trees,
the Tussocks — in popular opinion — have been the doers of it. One man
told that the gooseberry bushes in the gardens near him had been defoliated
— of course tlie Tussocks had done the harm, and not Etififchia rihearia, nor
Nematus ventricosus. The larvse of Vanessa Antiopa, Clisiocampa disstria,
Hihernia tiliaria, Hyphantria textor, and others, always do their share to-
wards denuding the trees; but for injuries done by these the Tussocks are
now held blame-worthy.

To show how easily a mistake might arise: — A person at Quebec, on
the look-out for damage by the Tussocks, would notice that the Ash-trees,
which formerly were such graceful adornments to the public squares and
gardens of the city, were leafless, dead, or dying. "Oh," he would be like-
ly to exclaim, "the terrible Tussock Moths!" But the Tussocks were en-
tirely blameless in this case. My attention was directed to the trees, in the
spring of 1904, by Mr. Joly de Lotbiniere. I examined them carefully,
and could find no trace of injurious insects. I came to the conclusion that
the death of so many of these beautiful trees was occasioned by the exces-
sive drought of the preceding spring.

I had recorded that on the 11th of April, 1903, and again on the 12th,
the thermometer m my yard indicated 82 degrees in the shade. The untimely
heat was followed by a long, cold, and exceedingly dry time. Prayers for
rain were offered in some of our churches.

In the end of May and beginning of June, the air was thick with smoke
from forest fires. On the 3rd of June the smoke was so dense that the river
steamboat "Frontenac" was unable to run.

I am convinced that the young foliage of the ash trees was so affected
by these circumstances that it performed its functions imperfectly. Then,
too, the earth was so parched that the roots of the trees must have failed

18 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

to extract nutriment from it — the Ash is a tree that requires much moisture !
The unfavourable summer was followed by a very severe winter.

To these consecutive circumstances I ascribe the loss of so many of our
Ash trees, and not to insect depredations.*

The two Canadian species of Orgyia may be easily distinguished in
every stage of their existence.

The eggs of Antiqua resemble a cluster of whitey-brown beads; those of
Leucostigma to a dab of cake-frosting.

The larva of Antiqua has a hlach head; that of Leucostigma has a red
one.

The difference in the moths has already been sufficiently shown.

It is impossible that the Tussocks can ever be as destructive as the Gypsy
Moth has proved itself. Their females have no wings — they lay their eggs
on the cocoons from which they crept. So the advance of the species is
slow, and is made by the caterpillars. But the female Gypsy Moth has
ample wings; and, though it is heavy with its burden of eggs, it can, and
does, take flight for other localities. Its caterpillar, moreover, attains a
much greater size, and is more voracious than either of our Tussock larvae.

The close of the autumn is undoubtedly the season for reducing the
numbers of Orgyia antiqua and Orgyia leucostigma. The egg-clusters of
both species may be easily peeled from the trees with the thumb and finger.
They should then be thrown into the fire. So the numbers of the creatures
can be kept down with ease and without cruelty.

THE TUSSOCK MOTH SITUATION IN MONTREAL.
By Henry H. Lyman, M.A., Montreal, Que.

Until Montreal was visited early last spring by a gentleman from Lin-
coln Park, Chicago, we hardly knew that we had a Tussock Moth situation
in our city. Those of us who know about such things, of course, knew that
we had the Tussock Moth, that, like the poor, it was always with us and al-
ways likely to be with us. But this gentleman, seeing a good many &g^
masses on trees, sounded the alarm, and addressed a letter of warning to the
President of the Natural History Society, who happened to be a Professor
of Botany.

The newspapers took the matter up, and one especially devoted much
space and energy to a sensational account of the "arrival" of this much
dreaded pest, and, evidently confusing it with the Gypsy Moth, told of
the millions which had been spent in the United States in fighting it.

A meeting of the Natural History Society was called to consider the
situation, to which the public were invited, and about twenty, all told, re-
sponded — the Dominion Entomologist being present to throw light on the
subject.

After considerable discussion, a Tussock Moth Committee was apjpointed
which later waited upon the Finance Committee and asked for a grant to
be used in fighting the pest. The Committee voted the munificent sum of |100
for this purpose. The Society then offered a bounty of 25c. per hundred for
the e^^ masses (Fig. 7^), and the school children began to collect them, and
much good was anticipated, as the amount voted would have paid bounties

•The trees were out down thii fall (1905). The wood was found to be perfectly sound

quite free from borers.

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19

on 40,000 egg masses, but the Parks and Ferries Committee of the city council
took alarm. Here were no less than one hundred good dollars slipping
through their fingers to a purely disinterested society, and being honestly
expended for the good of the city without the slightest chance of patronage
on their part — which was, of course, intolerable. So they demanded the
money, and took over the campaign themselves, withdrawing the bounty,
and, instead, putting men to work with poles with tin triangles on the ends
to scrape the cocoons off the trees and let them lie where they fell.

A certain amount of scraping was, of course, done, but I doubt if we
got more than |50.00 worth for the |100.00 expended. The work was begun
late, and done much too leisurely, and had it not been that the eggs were
unusually late in hatching, would have been even less effective than it was.

In spite, however, of the inefficiency of the work, no very serious damage
resulted. A few isolated trees were stripped of their leaves, and a good
many trees had at least a part of their foliage rendered pretty ragged, but
a very large number of trees were hardly affected at all.

In the grounds about the house where I live there are many trees — silver
maples, elms, horse chestnut, butternut, black cherry — and a careful search
early in the season only resulted in my finding two egg masses and one fe-
male cocoon from which the imago had never emerged. This was removed
from the tree'and placed in a glass-bottomed pill box, and later there emerged
from it over a hundred parasites which, on being submitted to Dr. Ashmead,
were pronounced Diglochis omnivora, Walker, which I was informed was not
previously known to be a parasite of Orgyia LeucostigTna.

Before the time for the eggs to hatch, I selected a few cocoons with
typical egg masses, and immersed them for about ten minutes in gasoline,
which I thought would kill the eggs, intending later to place one of them
with an inflated larva with the moths in my collection. Fortunately, I did
not do so at the time, as I found later that many of the larvae had hatched,
though perhaps some of the eggs were killed by the gasoline bath.

As the caterpillars of the Tussock moth matured and the damage to the
trees became quite evident, the city fathers took alarm for fear there might
be a second brood which would be much more destructive than the first, but
they were assured by the official entomologist that there was no danger of
that. There must, nevertheless, have been a few eggs which hatched, as
Mr. Winn reported seeing^ a few days ago nearly mature larvae crawling
around, and a newly emerged female ovipositing. The numbers were, how-
ever, too insignificant to cause any further appreciable damage.

A Bank manager, knowing the nature of my business, applied to me for
a "prescription" to clear out the pest from his trees, but when I told him
that it was never possible to exterminate an insect pest, that all we could do
was to control it, and recommended careful, hard and continuous work in
removing the egg masses from his trees, I am afraid that he thought that
there was not much good in entomology.

The Parks and Ferries Committee decided to apply to the Finance Com-
mittee for a grant of $500.00 for further work in removing the egg masses
this autumn, but I have learned from the Secretary of the former committee
that only |200.00 was granted, and that this wholly insufficient grant has
been nearly all expended.

In this matter, however, I think we are likely to derive nearly as much
benefit from the action of natural causes as from the efforts of man. Pro-
bably owing to the frequent rains, bacterial disease broke out among the
caterpillars when approaching maturity, and many were seen hanging limp
and rotten from this cause.

20 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Of a number of cocoons which I gathered for Dr. Fletcher manj were
found to be putrid, and I have seen many cocoons, apparently of females,
from which the moths had evidently not emerged.

In view of the preparation of this paper I dqvoted a few hours recently
to a necessarily rapid and very cursory examination of the shade trees in
some of the principal uptown streets and squares, as well as making inquiries
among my entomological friends. I ascertained that on one street a horse-
chestnut in a garden had been quite stripped, but that it had leafed out again
and had even blossomed a second time. I examined it, and found that it
was an old and decrepit tree. In the same garden there is a specimen of
what used to be called Negundo Aceroides, but now Acer Negundo, L. (the
Ash-leaved Maple), which had also been stripped, but a few yards further
up on the opposite side of the street were Horse-chestnuts and Ash-leaved
maples which had practically not suffered at all.

We have very few Horse-chestnuts in Montreal, and practically none on
the streets, nearly all the trees set out in the streets being maples and elms.
But Acer Negundo, where attacked, seemed to suffer more than any other tree.
The examination I made disclosed only a few trees very seriously infested,
but very many trees were found which had a few egg masses upon them.

A few egg masses were found on telegraph poles, and, as I suggested to
Dr. Fletcher, if the caterpillars could be induced to eat them they would be
the greatest possible blessing to our city.

It is greatly to be deplored that the Finance Committee voted so inade-
quate an amount, as had the full |500.00 been granted a great deal mpre
work could have been done, and as the species has only been increasing
slowly of recent years, if all the egg masses which could be found were de-
stroyed, it would probably be years before any further expense would have
to be incurred ; but doing the work in only a half-hearted way will necessi-
tate its being done every year if our shade trees are to be protected from
damage.

No depredations by this pest were perceptible in the district surrounding
Montreal, and the damage to the shade trees in the city is, doubtless, to be
attributed to the greater immunity of the caterpillars from their natural bird
and insect enemies.

ENTOMOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN NORTH CAROLINA.
Bi Franklin Sherman, Jr., Professor of Entomology and Zoology,

O.A.C., GUELPH.

North Carolina is a State of approximately the same area as "Old On-
tario," approximately the same length, and approximately the same popula-
tion, and lies directly south of Old Ontario, Ottawa being almost precisely
north of Cape Hatteras, and Windsor north of Murphy, the western-most
county seat. At its eastern end the State is some 150 miles broad, across
the middle something like 100 miles, and tapers to a dull point at the south-
western extremitv. In fact, the State is somewhat slipper-shaped.

The population is more evenly distributed than in Old Ontario, there
being no large region so thinly settled as the northern section of our province,
and no large region so thickly settled as the southern section. There are no
large cities, Wilmington, the largest, having but 25,000 population, and
Raleigh, the capital, having 13,000, almost exactly the size of Guelph. From
these facts it is easy to conclude (and rightly) that agriculture is the chief

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21

occupation in all parts of the state, far out-ranking all otlier industries com-
bined in the amount invested and in returns. The abolition of slavery forty
years ago left these people poor, and many of the large plantations were
abandoned, while, as a rule, the farms are still too large to be cultivated to
best advantage. An abundance of cheap, inefficient and generally ignorant
labor, and a scarcity of intelligent and reliable help, has had a very detrimen-
tal effect. In all parts of the state, especially east of the mountains, may
be seen abandoned farm lands, and occupied lands which are poorly cared
for. These facts all influence the entomological conditions prevailing.

Geologically, the state is very distinctly divided into three great re-
gions : — 1st, the Eastern, or coastal plain region, extending from the coast
to about 100 miles inland to an elevation of 300 feet. 2nd, the Middle, or
piedmont region, extending from the coastal plains region to the foot of the
mountains, a belt some 150 miles in width, ranging from 300 to 1,000 feet
elevation. 3rd, the Western, or mountain region extending from the Blue
Ridge mountains to the Great Smokies which form the western boundary of
the state. Elevation ranges from 1,000 to 6,700 feet. The Blue Ridge ^'s
the water-shed, and the fauna and flora of the mountain region partakes to
some degree of the nature of the Mississippi valley, though the Great Smoky
Range cuts off many of the typical and more southern forms. I shall only
mention such insects as are of interest as showing distribution, variation ^'n
hab^'ts, remedies, etc.

The Eastern Region.

This portion lies principally in what is biologically known as the humid
area of the Lower Austral Zone, a zone not at all represented in Ontario. The
soil is for the most part sandy, or a black muck or peat. The crops are corn,
cotton, peanuts, sorghum, a little rice along the coast, potatoes (both Irish
and Sweet), and garden truck for early shipment to northern markets.

Insfcts of (Staple Ceops. The Black Grain weevil, Calavdra oryzae,
occurs abundantly throughout this region. Carbon bi-sulphide is the re-
medy recommended, and is satisfactory when properly applied. The Corn
Bill beetle, Sphenophorus sculptilis, is destructive to young corn on low lands,
especially those subject to overflow. They are worse on lands just from rice
sod, and the avoidance of such lands is the only satisfactory method of avert-
ing injury. During the last two seasons there have been serious outbreaks
oi the Sugar-cane Beetle, Ligyrus rugiceps, although this is typically a pest
of the cane plantations along the Gulf of Mexico. A satisfactory remedy
for this insect is yet to be devised. Late planting was the only expedient
which proved worthy of notice. The Corn Stalk-borer, Diatraea saccharalis,
(Lepidoptera) is also destructive throughout this area, while the Ear-worm,
Heliothis armigera, (Lep.) I have seen destroy whole fields of sweet corn,
every ear containing from one to twelve of the voracious larvae. This latter
insect is also frequently guilty of boring into the bolls of cotton, and of re-
cent years, since there has been so much discussion of the Boll-weevil, farmers
often mistake it for this pest. The peanut has no serious insect pest to my
knowledge.

Insects of Garden Crops. Throughout most of this region the Potato-
beetle, Doryphora 10-Jineata, is abundant and destructive, though, curiously
enough, I had a report from one isolated locality that it appeared there in
numbers for the first time in 1901. It can hardly be said that spraying is
a common practice even in combatting this pest, as labor is generally so ig-
norant throughout this region that pumps would be rapidly broken, and the
work would be poorly done. Hand-picking is, therefore, much relied upon

22 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

even at this late day. Paris green mixed with lime or land plaster is also
widely used as a dust application. It is only within the last year that I
heard of three field sprayers, spraing four rows at a time, being purchased in
this section, although the growing of Irish potatoes is a leading industry in
many localities. Some few of the growers have knapsack pumps, but the
universal complaint is that hands are not to be had who will honestly and
carefully do a day's work with them.

The Harlequin Cabbage Bug, Murgantia histrionica, (Eig. 8), while com-
mon enough in all the state east of the mountains, is much more abundant
here than further west. It is one of the Stink-bug family (Pentatomidae),
and is a destructive enemy of cruciferous crops, especially cabbage and collards
in this region. Hand-picking and late planting are the principal remedies.

Fig. 8. Harlequin cabbage bug.

In the strawberry section the Strawberry Weevil, Anthonomus signatus,
is the most important enemy. So far as I have been able to learn this is
the southern-most region for this pest on the Atlantic seaboard, but surel"^
it is very destructive here. It lays its egg within the bud and then cuts the
pedicel. The staminate varieties are chiefly attacked, and by the use of
a large proportion of pistillate varieties the growers are able to secure the
greatest degree of immunity. The insect also breeds in abundance on the
blackberries (Ruhus sp.), which grow wild in that region, and the use of fire
to burn out these vines as well as to run over the berry fields as soon as pick-
ing is over, is coming into favor, as many of the developing larvae, pupae,
and fresh adults are still in the fields after the last of the crop is removed.

Insects of Oechard Fruits. The Codling Moth is abundant and de-
structive in this section, good crops of apples being a thing almost unknown in
recent years. Within the last few years, however, spraying is becoming more
popular in the orchards, especially as these are generally small and the owners
m many cases do their work with their own hands. The Plum Curculio
throughout this region is as destructive to the peach as to the plum. Thg
jarring method is being widely used in commercial orchards, as it is a purely
mechanical process which can be done by even the most ignorant laborers,
for even they can soon be taught to recognize the adult beetle. The largest
peach and plum section is in the western part of the Eastern Eegion, at South-
ern Pines. Here the San Jose Scale has been well known for the last ten
years, yet I know of many thousands of trees which have been known to be
rriore or less infested for eight years, and which this year brought forth the
sixth consecutive profitable crop, a tribute to the efficacy of careful, persistent
spraying. In these orchards oils and soaps were relied upon until about
three years ago, since which time the Lime-Sulphur-Salt wash has held sway.
One large orchard has been treated principally by the fumigation method,
and is in excellent condition, and the owners are now undecided whether it
will be better to renew their outfit of tents or resort to the wash. I think
that the tendency is, and will continue to be, to avoid the use of self-cooked
mixtures or chemical substitutes, and use only ;he wash matlc of lime, sul-
phur and sa7«, boiled with artificial heat for not less than one hour. In this
particular region white labor is quite obtainable, hence conditions are more
favorable for the use of such washes as require care in their preparation and

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23

use. The experience there has been that the best time to apply the wash
is as late in winter or early spring as possible, just so the work is completed
before the buds actually open, the advantage of this being that the coating
adheres through a large part of the summer, and renders it difficult for the
young to obtain a foot-hold. One thorough, annual treatment has been
found sufficient, two or more being necessary only when trees have been neg-
lected, or the scale not discovered until badly encrusted. By making the
treatment late the growers also secure much fungicidal effect, so much so that
many will hereafter use a late treatment for the scale, and also for its effect
on fungi, thus taking the place of the usual late winter treatment with the
Bordeaux Mixture. Indeed, from the present outlook it seems not unlikely
that in many apple and pear orchards the scheme of spraying will eventually
be as follows : — •

1st. Just before buds burst with Lime-sulphur-salt.

2nd. Just after blooms fall with Bordeaux and Paris green.

3rd. Ten days later with Bordeaux and Paris green.

The southern method of jarring for the Curculio also deserves notice. Two
men are engaged in the work of jarring a tree, each being provided with a
semi-circular frame or screen large enough so that the two will include all
the space directly beneath the branches. The two men walk rapidly along
the rows, one on each side, and, bringing the screens together under each tree,
a few quick, hard blows are given with a padded club. After some ten to
thirty trees have been jarred in this way the screens are lowered to the ground
and the jarring carefully searched for adult Curculios, which are crushed ^n
the fingers. The method is quite rapid, two men having been observed to
jar and kill the insects from 24 trees in 6 minutes. In the large commercial
orchards this method is almost universal, and they find that the beetles appear
first along the edges of the orchard, indicating that they hibernate in woods
or fields, but I have never yet taken one of t^e insects in hibernating quar-
ters. The growers make an effort to have each tree jarred at least twice a
week, but still they prefer to give more attention to the outside rows, Hence
the trees bordering woods may sometimes be treated four or five times in the
week while those in the interior may be jarred only once or twice.

Among insects not of economic importance this region is notable for a
strong infusion of southern forms. Several times we sent insects to the Na-
tional Museum at Washington representing species which they reported be-
long typically to the Florida fauna. The Orange-dog butterfly, Papilio thoas
which has of recent years been taken even in Southern Ontario, is common
in eastern North Carolina near the coast, though many years of careful
collecting has failed to reveal it at Raleigh, about 120 miles inland. Here
the handsome skipper, Eudamus proteus, is also found, and less than a
month ago this species was taken at Haleigh for the first time. The swallow-
tail Papilio palamedes is also abundant through the summer near the coast.
Ajnong the Pierids, I think that Pieris movnsfe occurs, though this opinion
is based only on a brief glimpse of a specimen taken to be this species on
one of the low, sandy islands along the coast. The dragon-flies, Lihellula
and Calopteryx sp., are also found here. *

The Middle Region.

This region lies about equally in the lower austral and upper austral
zones. The typical soil is a red clay, but this varies to yellowish clay
mingled with much sand and gravel in the east. The crops are corn, to-
bacco in the north, wheat in the middle, and cotton in the southern areas.

24 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

As the upper austral zone includes the southern tier of counties in Dntario,
many of the insects of this region are well known in this province. The
Chinch Bug is rarely reported in North Carolina from either the eastern
or the western sections, but it is a standard pest in the middle section.
Spraying with kerosene emulsion at a strength of 10 to 15 per cent, oil has
been practised in a few instances but only with more or less injury to the
crops, and our recommendation was to rely principally upon the well-known
plowing methods, and our farmers were surprised to see how effectual even
a single, deep, furrow was.

The Hessian Fly is another pest which is practically confined to this
region, probably mainly because very little wheat is grown in the other sec-
tions. At any rate it is here a very destructive insect in the best wheat
section of the state. Late planting is the preventative usually employed,
and careful inquiry brought out the fact that from October 15th to Novem-
ber 1st is the safest time to sow to avoid fly and at the same time escape the
injurious effects of winter freezing. Wheat is frequently sown as late as
the last week in November, and I have been told of seeding in Xmas. week.

Fig. y. Euptoieta Claudia. Fig. 10. Junonia csenia.

There are but few insects which I could name as distinctive of this re-
gion. One of the most characteristic butterflies is Euptoieta claudia (Fig.
9), the larvae of which are everywhere common on the May-pop or Passion-
flower. Another is the Buckeye, Junonia coenia (Fig. 10). Both of these
butterflies are almost too southern in range to be expected in Ontario, though
I suspect, without having inquired, that they are occasional in the southern
counties.

[They have been taken, though rarely, in the Counties bordering on
Lake Erie. — Ed.]

The Western Region.

This region is characterized by high plateaus and mountain ranges. It
lies in the Transition and the Boreal life-zones. The Transition includes
all of Old Ontario between the northern and southern tiers of counties, and
the Boreal includes practically all of New Ontario and the great region about
James Bay. Of course the more northern animals and plants of these re-
gions are not represented in North Carolina, but one would be surprised at
the similarity of" the mountain plateau region and the country right here
at Guelph. Cattle-grazing is one of the chief agricultural occupations,
while hay, potatoes, oats, and apples are also standard crops. This is the,
only region where currants, raspberries, and rhubarb can really be said to'
be a success. Here, too, one finds many of the typical Ontario insects and
insect pests. The currant bushes are regularly attacked by the currant
worm, and the apple trees by the Oyster-shell scale, which is only known
to me in this state in the mountain and west-central parts of the state. In

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 25

the steep mountain orcliards the dust-spray is being experimented with. As
one apple-grower in this region has something over 30,000 trees now coming
into bearing, the cheapest, efficient means of spraying the trees becomes
an important question. The Scurfy Scale is more abundant here than else-
where in the state.

Among the insects not of economic importance a specialist in lepidoptera
could, doubtless, name many species well known to our most active collec-
tors. Among the butterflies may be mentioned such forms as Argynnis
aphrodite, A. diana, A. cyhele, Brenthis myrina, Grapta f annus, G. comma,
and G. j-alhum. I had threatened to capture Basilarchia arthemis, and
Vanessa milberti, and even cherished a fond hope of finding a stranded colony
of Chionohas on one of the high mountains, but further exploitation of this
interesting region must now be left to others. But it is extremely inter-
esting, as showing how mixed are the faunas in these southern mountains, to
point out that in the extreme southwest corner of the state Papilio thoas
CFig. 11), and the Gulf Fritillary, Agraulis vanilla;, both appear to be
somewhat common.

General Observations.

A more interesting territory for the entomologist can scarcely be found
than North Carolina. Most of the collectors of insects are in the north, and
when these collectors have gone south at all they have gone through to
Florida, Georgia, Louisiana or Texas. Consequently there is a great strip
of middle ground which has never been at all adequately explored. Even
in economic entomology nothing definite has been attempted previous to the
opening of this new century. The entomologist in this state is, therefore,
met by persons of every conceivable attitude toward his work, some incredu-
lous, some interested, some contemptuous, and some indifferent. The farm-
ing classes, as a whole, however, have in recent years been brought to see
the importance of this work. The wide spread of the San Jose Scale, the
threatening danger of the cotton Boll-weevil, and the almost total destruction
of fruit crops by the Codling Moth and Curculio in the eastern section, have
brought them to a realization of its true meaning.

For the five years that the writer was located in North Carolina, he, his
assistants, and a Mr. Brimley, at Ealeigh, were the only active collectors
known to be residing in the state. Within the last few months another
collectof, a native of Connecticut, was discovered. Now there are two
or three school teachers who are doing a little work along this line, though
in a very primitive way. Altogether, the state is, as yet, practically un-
explored, entomologically.

While spraying is gradually coming into vogue, tlie pumps are, as a
rule, cheaper and more inefficient than those in use in the north. In order
to get the practice started at all it has been necessary to begin at first in the
simplest manner possible. But the poverty of the farming classes in past
years, and the unreliability of the labor, would in any case have rendered
the more expensive machines impossible. In the largest peach and plum
section, where the San Jose Scale is generally distributed, barrel pumps
with two leads of hose, each with a single nozzle, are principally used. Large
tanks and heavy machinery could not be used here on account of the very
sandy nature of the soil, through which the wheels readily sink so that heavy
loads are impossible.

The generally prosperous years of recent times, and the development of
enormous fruit and trucking industries throughout the south to supply the
large and expanding northern markets, is giving cause for more demand for

26

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

information, about insect pests and methods of combatting tbem, and at
the present time more places are open for the employment of economic en-
tomologists in the south than any other section, so far as the writer is aware,
while it goes without saying that in regard to life histories, broods, hiberna-
tion, etc., much more remains to be discovered there than in the more north-
ern states.

■"""^icii

Fig. 11. Papilio thoas, the Giant Swallow-tail Butterfly. Colours black and yellow.

In the discussion that followed the reading of this paper, the first insect
that was commented upon was Plum Curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar).

Dr. Fletcher spoke in high terms of appreciation of Prof. Sherman's
paper, and congratulated the Society upon the addition to its members of so
able and enthusiastic an entomologist. He remarked that the Plum Curculio
in Canada was kept in check almost entirely by spraying, and that jarring
was rarely resorted to.

Mr. George E. Pisher had tried both methods, but preferred spraying,
as it proved more effective, and had the additional advantage that a fungicide
could be used with the Paris green, and thus a double result was accomp-
lished. Mr. Willard, of Geneva, N.T., whom he had visited, depended
entirely upon jarring for the protection of his plum trees. He uses the wheel-
barrow system, and employs twelve men, each with a barrow, for the pur-
pose. As the Curculios are very susceptible to cold, the jarring is done in
the early morning "when they are sluggish and have a less firm grasp on their
resting place. As many as a hundred of the beetles were often shaken from
one tree. There was undoubtedly one advantage in jarring, — you killed the
beetle for certain, whereas in spraying you only distributed poison for the
insect to eat and could not be sure that he would partake of it.

Dr. Fletcher said that the cost of the labour required for jarring was
very much greater than for spraying. Good paying results were obtained by
the use of the latter method, and, as Mr. Fisher had stated, there was the

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 27

great additional benefit derived from the addition of Bordeaux mixture to
the Paris green or arsenate of lead. For his part, he much preferred to use,
and always recommended to others, Paris green rather than the arsenate, as
its conspicuous color prevented any danger of its being mistaken for anything
else.

San Jose Scale.

Mr. G. E. Fisher, in the discussion on Prof. Sherman's paper, referred
to the methods of dealing wiih the San Jose Scale, and first to the use of
the lime, salt and sulphur mixture. He preferred to dispense with the salt
as it corrodes the pumps, and in his experience the mixture destroyed the
scale better without it. He used a heavy wash of the mixture, employing
one pound of lime to half a pound of sulphur in each gallon of wash. It
should be cooked for Uvo hours, not for one only, as was the common practice.
He made use of the steam from a threshing engine for the purpose, and
cooked twelve barrels at a time, in order to have an abundant supply both
for himvself and his neighbours. The test of the boiling was that the mixture
should finally turn green.

The results were most satisfactory. An orchard of one hundred trees of
all sorts, badly infested with the scale, was treated three or four years ago
with the wash made in the manner just mentioned and was sprayed thorough-
ly; no scales have been found there since. The wash should be applied by
the middle of April, not later; he had found it safer to do the work from
the middle of March to the middle of April, if later injury was done to the
opening buds.

Prof. Sherman expressed the opinion that it was best to apply the wash
as late as was safe, as he found that it stuck to the trees better and did
good work for a longer time. His mixture consisted of 20 lbs. of lime, 17
lbs. of sulphur and 10 lbs. of salt to each 50 gallons. In an orchard contain-
ing 20,000 peach trees the wash had been tried both with and without the
salt, and the results when the salt was included were much better than with-
out it. The boiling was done for at least one hour and the spray was applied
while hot. The advantage from the salt was that it made the wash stick
better.

Prof. LocHHEAD read the following paper in which he gave an account
of his recent experiments in treatment for the scale.

EXPERIMENTS AGAINST THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN 1905.
By Wm. Lochhead, Professor of Botany, Ontario Agricultural College,

GUELPH.

During the eight years that the San Jose Scale has been in Ontario many
remedies have been devised and applied for its extermination. Among the
early remedies were whale oil soap, kerosene and kerosene emulsion, potash
solution, soda solution, and dilute crude petroleum. All of these were only
partially successful. The whale oil soap was a most effective destroyer of
scale and a tonic for the tree, but was too expensive for the ordinary fruit-
grower to use. The potash and soda solutions were not sufficiently effective
against the scale to make them favorite remedies. Kerosene, either pure or
dilute, was too unsafe, and was soon discarded. The kerosene emulsion,
although quite effective in controlling the moving larvae, was not at all

28 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

adapted as a remedy for the scale under other conditions, and hence was
abandoned. During the last few years new remedies have appeared and have
been remarkably successful. Probably the most effective of these is the lime-
sulphur wash. Various combinations of this wash have been tried, in order
to determine the most satisfactory remedy for the scale, from the standpoint
of both effectiveness and cheapness.

The following are the formulae which have been usually adopted in On-
tario for the preparation of these different combinations of the lime-sulphur
wash :

The Lime-Sulphur Wash (fire or steam boiled):

Fresh lime 20 pounds.

Sulphur (flowers) 15 pounds.

Water 40 gallons.

With warm water make the sulphur into a paste; put in the lime and
add about 15 gallons of warm water with stirring. The sulphur made into
a paste may be added after the lime has been slaked. Boil for an hour and
a half in a kettle or in a barrel with live steam. Make up to 40 gallons with
hot water; strain into spray tank and apply while warm.

Some of our fruit-growers ootained excellent results by using larger
proportions of lime and sulphur to the barrel, namely, 35 of lime and 20 sul-
sulphur; 25 lime and 20 of sulphur. The time given to the cooking of the
lime-sulphur wash is quite different in different localities, and even by fruit-
growers in the same localities. In some cases the wash is boiled for an hour
and a half to two hours, in other cases it is boiled for one hour, and many
state that they have obtained good results by boiling for only one-half hour.

Lime-sulphur Wash (self-cooked) :

Formula No. 1 Recommended by Mr. A. N. Brown, Wyoming, Dela-
ware.

35 pounds of best stone lime.
17 pounds flowers of sulphur.
40 gallons water.

(1) Put the 17 pounds of sulphur into a vessel, add two gallons boiling
water, a little at a time, stirring vigorously all the while until a fine paste
is obtained.

(2) Put the 35 pounds of lime in another vessel, large enough to hold 40
gallons, pour into this lime 12 gallons boiling water; now add the sulphur
paste previously prepared. Very quickly cover the barrel with a heavy bur-
lap sack, having placed an old hoe into it first ; now allow it to cook for 30
minutes. Do not stir, as that reduces the heat by letting in cold air, but
with the hoe raise it from the bottom occasionally so that it does not run
together and burn before the lime is thoroughly slaked. Nothing must be
done to interrupt the cooking process, as that would affect the final quality
of the wash.

(3) After this mixture has cooked 30 minutes, add 28 gallons of warm
water, not necessarily boiling. Strain into the spray tank, and apply while
warm, as in this condition it will flow through the spray pump nozzles more
easily than when the wash gets cold. It will also remain in solution much
more thoroughly when it is warm than when it cools.

Formula No. 2.

25 pounds good stone lime.
20 pounds flowers of sulphur.
12^ pounds sal soda.
40 gallons water.

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 29

Put 5 or 6 gallons of hot water in a wooden barrel, add the lime, quickly
following with ihe sulphur and sal soda, and stir until the slaking is practi-
cally completed. It may be necessary to add a little cold water at intervals
to keep the mixture from boiling over. After the violent action has ceased,
cover the barrel to retain the heat and allow it to stand 15 to 30 minutes,
dilute to the full quantity and apply.

Formula No. 3. (Geneva formula).
30 pounds of good stone lime.
15 pounds of flowers of sulphur.
4-6 pounds of caustic soda.
40 gallons of water.

In preparing the wash, the lime was started to slake with six gallons
of water, and while slaking, the sulphur , which had just previously been
made into a thin paste with hot water, was added and thoroughly mixed in
with the slaking lime. To prolong the boiling of the wash, the caustic soda
was then added with water as needed, and the whole mixture was kept thor-
oughly stirred. As soon as the chemical action had ceased the required
amount of water was added, when the mixture was ready to use. Aside from
the heating of the water, the cooking of the wash was done in a tub or barrel,
and took from ten to twelve minutes. In some preparations, especially when*
hot water was used to start the slaking of the lime, not all of the stated
amount of caustic soda was employed, but six pounds was the minimum.

Dr. Felt, New York State Entomologist, writing under date of Oct. 30th
this year, advocates the employment of a lime-sulphur wash composed of 20
pounds of lime, 15 pounds of sulphur, and 40 gallons of water, bringing
about the combination either by using 10 or 12 pounds of sal soda and start-
ing the action by hot water in a barrel, or by boiling for at least 30 minutes.

It will be noted that salt has not been used in the preparation of any of
these mixtures. In the preliminary experiments carried out three years ago
by Mr. G. E. Fisher, he came to the conclusion that the presence of the salt
added to the expense, made the wash more difficult to spray, and increased
its corrosive action on the metal parts of the pump ; while it failed to be
any more effective as a destroyer of scale, or more adhesive to the bark of the
tree. Whether these conclusions will be borne out by future experiments
remains to be seen, but some observations made this year show that probably
the presence of the salt is beneficial, and it would be advisable to conduct
experiments this coming season to test this very point.

My observations this season would, I think, incline me to believe that
the presence of salt renders the wash more adhesive, and hence more effec-
tive. I found, as a rule, that in those orchards where the mixture adhered
longest and best to the bark the scale had made but little progress.

It would appear that the adhesiveness of the wash is a large factor in its
effectiveness . The tremendous reproduction of the scale that occurs in Sep-
tember and October can hardly be checked, or the spread prevented, unless
the bark has a coating which is either distasteful or harmful to the crawling
larvae. For this very reason that the bark is made clean and enticing to the
larvae during the last months of the growing season, other remedies fail to
keep the scale in check, when only one application was made and that appli-
cation in the spring just before the buds opened.

As to the results of the season's experiments with lime-sulphur, it may
be stated in a general way that little or no difference could be observed be-
tween the effectiveness of the cooked and uncooked washes. Some orchards
that had been treated with the cooked wash showed more scale at the end of
the season than at the beginning, and the same results were observed in

30 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

some orchards treated with the uncooked wash. On the other hand, it should
be stated that both washes gave good results in many orchards. The reason
for this variation in results is difficult to find; for example, Mr. W. H. Bunt-
ing of St. Catharines, who did not check the development of the scale with
the cooked wash, is a most careful and thorough sprayer. On examination of
Mr. Bunting's plum, peach, pear, and apple orchard in late October, Mr. P.
W. Hodgetts and myself found the scale more abundant and more wide spread
than at the close of any previous season. Like results were observed in Mr.
Bunting's orchard at his home in St. Catharines. The scale had spread and
parti V encrusted many trees in spite of treatment with the cooked wash in
the spring.

Mr. Titterington's orchard composed of peach and plum chiefly, just
across the Welland Canal, was sprayed also in the spring with the cooked
lime-sulphur wash. The trees near the road at the south end were fairly
free from scale, but many trees at the north end were quite badly infested.

Mr. Irvine, near Queenston, on the Queenston Road, used the cooked
lime-sulphur wash prepared according to the usual formula. The results
might be said to be good in spite of the fact that there is now a
^sprinkling of scale in his peach orchard. Many of his Japan plums and
a few of his peach trees, however, are badly infested. Mr. Muir, of Virgil,
also sprayed with the cooked wash and speaks very highly of its merits. Cer-
tainly the condition of his trees at the end of October would seem to justify
his opinion, for there was but a slight scattering of scale. This is saying a
good deal when we remember that the scale is very bad throughout the Virgil
district. In Mr. Muir's orchard the wash on the bark was quite visible in
most of the trees up to the end of the season.

Mr. Lambert's orchard near the Welland Canal was sprayed thoroughly
in early spring with the cooked lime-sulphur-salt wash. Two rows of Japan
plums, badly encrusted last season, were in good condition, and the scale
was not abundant. These trees showed very plainly the wash at the end of
the season, and were perhaps the best in this regard of all the trees we ex-
amined. To my mind the presence of the salt made the wash more adhesive
than that applied by his neighbors; moreover, it is very likely due to the
extra adhesiveness of this wash that the scale was so reduced in numbers.

In the peach orchards of Mr. Porter Adams, on the Queenston road, near
Queenston, the uncooked lime-sulphur wash Was used. The results were good,
although there was a slight sprinkling of scale throughout his orchard. Un-
treated trees were very bad, the bark being wholly encrusted. An interesting
observation in this orchard is worth recording. There were three, and only
three so far as we could find, badly injured peach trees in the sprayed orch-
ard, and these were not close to one another. These received the same appli-
cation as the other trees, but they are now encrusted with scale.

Mr. Bradley, near Mr. Adams, was not so successful with the uncooked
wash. We are told, however, that the trees received a one-sided application
on account of the high winds that prevailed at the time of spraying. The
older trees of this orchard are now badly infested.

Mr. C. A. Secord used the uncooked lime-sulphur wash in his fine 16-acre
peach orchard, and secured excellent results. Scale was there, but it was
rather hard to find. The owner is perfectly satisfied with the results, and
will use a similar wash next spring.

Mr. Beattie, Scale Inspector, of St. Catharines, tried Scalecide, Carl-
son's Mixture, and the uncooked lime-sulphur wash in his own orchard.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 31

After examination of tlie trees we concluded that the last wash gave the best
results, although scale was plentiful on all his trees in October, at the time of
our visit.

As part of the experimental work for 1905, in addition to the lime-sul-
phur washes, Mr, P. W. Hodgetts and myself tried some new mixtures
which had been advocated, viz., Carlson's Mixture, and Pratt's Scalecide.

In the peach orchard of the Industrial Home near St. Catharines, Carl-
son's Mixture, kerosene-flour, and uncooked lime-sulphur were used. The
first two did not give satisfactory results, for scales were very abundant on
trees treated by these mixtures; the last, viz., the uncooked lime-sulphur, in
our opinion, did its work well, for scales were very scarce on trees treated
by it. Here again, the wash was quite evident on the bark to the end of the
season. The condition of these trees is remarkable when we bear in mind
that across the fence is an untreated peach orchard which is terribly encrust-
ed and rapidly dying. Th^ few trees left untreated as checks are now very
badly encrusted.

As I have already stated neither Scalecide nor Carlson's Mixture gave
as good results in Mr. Beattie's orchard as the uncooked lime-sulphur. It
appeared to us that in this orchard Carlson gave better results than Scalecide.

Carlson's Mixture and the kerosene-flour emulsion were also tried in a
peach orchard belonging to Jas. Hutchison, near Yirgil, the bulk of the
orchard, however, remaining untreated. Results were far from satisfactory
with both mixtures, the treated trees showing serious incrustation, although
not quite as bad as those left untreated. This orchard furnishes an instance
of the awiul multiplication of scale in a single season. When the trees
were sprayed on April 19th, a record was made in our note books to the effect
that the orchard was comparatively free from scale, yet on October 24th,
when we examined the orchard, the trees were very badly encrusted.

Scalecide and Carlson's Mixture were applied to some Japan plum
trees belonging to Mr. Porter Adams, Queenston. Results were not satis-
factory, as the trees are now badly infested.

A few Bartlett pear trees in Mr. Hodgett's garden, St. Catharines, were
sprayed with the summer strength of Scalecide, but the results showed it
powerless to control the scale.

Mr. Henry Kottmeier used Carlson's mixture on his plum orchard, but
the results here too were far from satisfactory, and the majority of the trees
are now badly infested.

In a small orchard near Mr. Kottmeier's, Carlson's Summer Mixture
was applied, but it was not able to any extent to prevent the scale from multi-
plying. The treated trees are now badly infested.

Other examples of treated orchards might be stated, but enough has been
given to show the values of the different mixtures as scale destroyers. None
of the new mixtures, such as Carlson's, Pratt's Scalecide, or the kerosene-
flour emulsion, can be recommended to the fruit-growers as effective remedies
for the San Jose Scale. The lime-sulphur washes gave better results in every
case that came under our observation.

We are not in a position to decide definitely whether the uncooked lime-
sulphur wash or the cooked wash is the better remedy. To us it would appear
that the personality of the man who makes and applies the wash counts^ in
most cases for success or failure. Careful preparation of the wash according
to formula, the use of good rapid-slaking stone lime, and thorough application
to the trees will in nine cases out of ten check the scale completely. More-
over, we are of the opinion that the addition of salt to the wash would
increase its adhesive qualities, and add to its effectiveness.

32

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

Fig. 12. San Jose scale : an infested twig, scales and larv£e on bark — much enlarged.
( After Howard and Marlatt. )

Prof. J. B. Smith, upon being called upon by tbe Chairman, said that
it was evident that the experience in dealing with the scale was in no two
places the same. In New Jersey it was found that the effect of spraying
with lime and sulphur was slow and cumulative; if properly done, no young
were produced, and the results were very satisfactory. In Georgia, in a large
orchard, containing over half a million trees, the lime and sulphur wash
was used without any salt and with a larger proportion of lime than usual;
the mixture, it was found, did not adhere so well to the trees. The next
time salt was added to the mixture, but not much difference was to be seen
in the results. The addition of salt made it spray more easily and spread
better. In Georgia and elsewhere many fruit-growers think that the appli-
cation of the lime and sulphur wash spoils the trees, and therefore they prefer
to use the oil treatment, either crude petroleum or kerosene. Pratt's Scale-
cide, a preparation of soluble petroleum, was found satisfactory.

With lime and sulphur he found that the thinner the wash the better it
penetrated : he recommended boiling the mixture because by so doing good
results can be secured even with bad workmanship and inferior materials,
and using equal parts of lime and sulphur. This mixture was effective on
peach and plum trees, but was no good on apple and pear trees. An apple
orchard was treated with this wash, and in June the trees were still coated,
but they did not bear an apple worth marketing on account of the scales that
covered them.

For apple and pear trees he recommended the oil treatment, using one
part of petroleum with twenty of water. Spraying should be done as early
as possible in the fall because many of the scales were still active and they
were not so closelv adherent to the trees as later on in the winter; the oil
could therefore get at them better and destroy the insects. This method was
very effective in keeping the scale in check, and we could not hope for ex-
termination.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 33

Dr. Fletcher, tlie chairman, in closing- the discussion, said that it was
evident that good results can be obtained in the contest with the San Jose
Scale by using the crude petroleum treatment on apple trees and the lime
and sulphur wash on peach and plum.

EVENING SESSION.

Wednesday, October 18th, 1905.

A public meeting was held in the Massey Hall at the Ontario Agricul-
tural College, at 8 o'clock p.m., and was largely attended by members of the
Society, students of the College and Macdonald Institute, and visitors from
the city of Guelph. The chair was taken by Dr. Fletcher, the Vice-Presi-
dent.

President Creelman welcomed the Society to the Ontario Agricultural
College and gave an outline of the different departments of work in it and
the affiliated Macdonald Institute. They might be regarded as forming three
main divisions : the College for training farmers' sons in all that relates to
agriculture; the Farm for growing farm products and carrying on experi-
ments in the cultivation of all manner of field crops, fruits and vegetables,
the raising of stock, etc. ; the Macdonald Institute, with its two-fold objects
of training teachers from rural schools in nature study and elementary agri-
culture, for which purpose 45 or 50 came three times a year, and of teaching
farmers' daughters the best methods of performing household work, such
as cooking, sewing, laundry-work, dressmaking, millinery, etc.

Two of their departments of work could hardly fail to strike the average
man, these were Agronomy or Field Agriculture, and Animal Husbandry;
in the former, seeds of all kinds from all parts of the world are tried and
their suitability for this Province tested. Experiments have been going on
for some twenty years, some plants are found to be no good and are cast
aside, oihers are useful forms or improvements on those in ordinary cultiva-
tion and are duly propagated and made known as widely as possible. About
2,000 plots are employed for this purpose and careful records are kept of each.
The value of Animal Husbandry may be gathered from the fact that about
eighty per cent, of the produce of farms is fed to live stock; it is therefore
most important that farmers should know what is the best breed for his pur-
poses and how the animals should be most advantageously fed and treated.
In the spring two hundred farmers are brought here and shewn stock from
both the farm and the neighbourhood, in order that they may learn all about
them.

Other departments that may be briefly referred to are those of Chem-
istry for the analysis of soils, food products, fertilizers, etc.; Physics; Bacter-
iology; Horticulture for testing all sorts of fruits and vegetables; Dairying,
a most important department, as it is. worth millions of dollars to Ontario
that the best butter and cheese should be made and exported; Poultry
raising, for teaching the best methods and so reaping the largest profits.

The College is now visited in the month of June each year by farmers
and their families to the number of 25,000 to 30,000, who are brought here
from all over the Province by special excursion trains. Few of them
probably return to their homes without having learnt something that they
can turn to practical advantage in their own work. The College, too, is filled
with young men who are taking long or short courses of study, and who go
back to the farms with a training Ihat will make them more progressive and
successful workers, and who will influence for good all those in their own
neighbourhood.

3 EN.

34 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Dr. Fletcher, in reply, spoke of the high position the College had at-
tained in public estimation and the great value of its work in improving in
all departments the agriculture of the country. While its object was largely
to teach how to increase and improve the products of the farm, the work of
the Entomological Society was devoted to the saving of a proportion of the
crops that would otherwise be destroyed by insects and be a serious loss to
the farmer.

Mr. B. Barlow, the President of the Wellington Field Naturalists Club,

welcomed the Society to Guelph and extended the cordial greetings of the

Club. In the course of his remarks he mentioned that the Club had now

been organized for five years, and during that time had devoted itself to the

study of the fauna and flora of the County of Wellington, the aim being

to make in time a complete biological survey of the district. So far, they

had formed a list of over 200 birds observed in the county, with a record of

dates, breeding, numbers, etc., and were not likely to add many more to it.

In botanv, flowers, plants, grasses, ferns, sedges, etc., were being collected

and studied; fishes and other aquatic animals, mammals such as squirrels.

moles, mice, etc., were also under observation. Fortnightly meetings were

held either in the town or at the College and were well attended. He spoke

with much gratification of the formation of the new Guelph branch of the

Entomological Society, which had been completed this morning, and with

which the Club would work hand in hand.

Dr. Fletcher acknowledged the kind greetings of the Club and stated
that it was now widely known and had established an excellent reputation
for careful work and accurate records. He then introduced the lecturer of
the evening, De. John B. Smith, Professor of Entomology at Eutgers' Col-
lege, New Jersey, and head of the Entomological Department of the New
Jereey i^ gricultural College Experiment Station, a notable entomologist of
world-wide reputation, one who was distinguished for his scientific work on
nocturnal lepidoptera, his practical work in economic entomology and his
important researches regarding mosquitoes and public work for their exter-
mination in some badly infested regions on the coast of New Jersey.

The following is a brief abstract of Prof. Smith's lecture, which was
illustrated with a large number of lantern slides made from original photo-
graphs and drawings.

A REVIEW OF THE MOSQUITO WORK IN NEW JERSEY.*
By John B. Smith.

Mosquitoes are essentially aquatic in the larval stage and none have yet
been found that form an exception to this rule. As the larvse of nearly all
the troublesome species are known, and all breed in water, it is safe to plan
for practical work on the assumption that the habit is universal.

Of the adult mosquitoes only the females bite, the lancet-like structures
being undeveloped in the male which, necessarily, subsists on plant juices
only. When a mosquito bites, it injects into the wound a minute drop of
poison (saliva) and this seems to break up the blood structure so that it no
longer forms a clot: a smear from the mosquito stomach spreads out thin
and dries to a brittle scale.

That mosquitoes are active agents in the transmission of certain febrile
diseases is no longer seriously questioned and, in general, it is agreed that

•Abstract of a lecture delivered at the evening meeting, Oct. 18th and illustrated with
lantern slides.

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 35

they are also the only agents; the life cycle of the malarial Plasmodia
being now fully understood. In a patient suffering from malaria the singk
celled protozoons are present in the red blood corpuscles, each of which fur-
nishes nutriment for one Plasmodium which matures and reaches the repro-
ductive or sporulating stage in 24, 48 or 72 hours, accordiui^j to its kind.
When ripe, the cell bursts and the pores are d^ischarged into the blood serum.
As all the organisms mature at practically one time, this general sporulatioa
upsets body conditions and a "chill" results. The spores work their way
into new corpuscles and the cycle is repeated. After a time bodies are pro-
duced that make no attempt to enter new corpuscles ; but remain in the blood
serum. These are the "gametes" or sexed forms of the animal and they
undergo no further development in man. If an Anopheles viacuUpennis now
bites the patient, it will take in with the blood some of these gametes which,
as soon as they get into the mosquito stomach differentiate. The smaller
forms or micro-gametes prodxice "flagellse," which break off and conjugate
with the larger or macro-gametes, the product of the union forming a "ver-
micule," which works into the tissue of the mosquito stomach. This developes
into a "zygote" and, in about a week that becomes mature, bursts and liber-
ates into the body cavity, thousands of "blasts" which, sooner or lat-er find
their way into the salivary glands. Now, when such a diseased mosquito
bites a healthy subject, some of the "blasts" are introduced into the wound
with the saliva and, if the subject is susceptible, a case of malaria is estab-
lished; the "blasts" working their way into the red blood corpuscles and
starting the vegetative cycle.

The species of Anopheles select quiet pools of water bodies as breeding
places and, floating on the surface can maintain themselves in shallows out
of reach of most fish. The adults do not ^y lav and local work is likely to be
be effective.

Some mosquitoes migrate or fly for long distances from their breeding
places and among those are the species that breed in the salt marshes which
occur so generally along the New Jersey coast. These breed as readily 15
salt as they do in fresh water and their influence extends inland 40 miles at
least. In New Jersey this species is dealt with by ditching work, which gets
rid of surface water before the larvae have a chance to develop. The eggs
of these migratory species are laid in the marsh mud and in that stage thej
pass the winter. The high tides of spring furnish water for the.ir development
and the broods begin early in May. The specimens that fly far inland are
all females, and all of the migrants are infertile.

Filling as well as ditching is practised in some places, and much of the
Brooklyn rubbish is gathered in huge tanks, transported on trolley flat care
and dumped on the marshes of Gravesend Bay near Coney Island, N.T., to
the material advance of comfort in that resort.

The common house mosquito, Cwlex pipiens, breeds anywhere and in
liquids of all kinds from decently clean water to sewage and even liquid
manure. It forms an egg boat and is the only species that agrees in all re-
spects with the early published accounts of mosquitoes. It is not a carrier
of any disease known in our climate and it is more as a first class nuisance
than as a danger to health that it challenges attention. Local work is very
effective against this species, and, indeed, only local work is likely to be of
any benefit, since the species is not a traveller.

There is no sort of place where water occurs where mosquitoes will not
breed, and even tree holes have their own fauna. In New Jersey one species
of Anopheles and two species of Culex occur nowhere else.

36

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

The most marked recognition of the mosquito danger ever displayed was
in the fight carried on against the recent epidemic of yellow fever at New
Orleans, La. The surgeons in charge accepted the theory of transmission
by Stegomyia only and bent all their efforts first, to the destruction of the
Stegomyia, and second, to protecting patients and others from mosquito bites.
As to the habits, etc., of this species I must speak at second hand, since it
does not occur in New Jersey.

Mosquitoes.

Fig. 13. Mosquito (Culex i:)iingen8) egg-maas above, with much enlarged eggs at left ;
tarvse on right and below. (After Howard, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.)

fig. 14. Adult Mosquitoes at rest : Culex at left, Anophele.s at right. (From U.S. Dept.
of Agriculture. )

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

37

Fig. 15. Mosquitoes (Culex puugens) ; female above, male below — different forms of
scales. All greatly enlarged (after Howard, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.)

At the close of the lecture which was listened to with marked attention
and interest by the large audience, a hearty vote of thanks to Prof. Smith
was proposed by Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture for
Ontario, seconded by the Eev. Dr. Fyles, of Quebec, and enthusiastically
adopted by the meeting.

38 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

SECOND DAY'S SESSION.

Thursday, October 19tli, 1905.

The Vice-President, Dr. Fletcher, took the chair at 10 o'clock a. m.
'Hiere were forty-six persons present and this number was increased during
the morning.

Mr. T. D. Jarvis, Lecturer in Entomology at the Agricultural College,
read papers, illustrated by specimens, on insects collected in Jamaica; two
species of Saw-flies (Lvda) taken at the College Farm; notes on the genus
Fhytoptus; three species of bumble bees that fertilize red clover at Guelph;
notes on two species of Fenusa; and Parasites of the Abittibi country.

Papers were also read, and will be found in subsequent pages of this
report, by Dr. Fyles on forest insects; Mr. A. Gibson on insects of flowering
plants; Mr. Lyman on the Formation of an Entomologist's Union;* Mr.
Zavitz on some forest insects; also a paper sent by Mr. J. Stevenson of
Montreal on insects of the season.

During the sessions a large number of rare and interesting speciuiens
were on exhibition and attracted much attention. Mention may be made
<■' the following :

By Professor Sherman : some small collections of recent captures of local
insects, to show his system of labelling ; among them was a remarkable form
of Pyrameis cardui, the Painted-lady butterfly.

By Mr. Zavitz : a large number of wood-boring insects (Cerambycidae)
collected at Ridgeway, Ont.

By Mr. T. D. Jarvis : a number of Jamaican inserts, sawflies and other
insects, referred to in his papers, taken at Guelph.

By Mr. Lyman : a case of lepidoptera in which were interesting speci-
mens of Gortyna and other noctuids, and also some rare diurnal Lepidoptera.

By Dr. Fyles : a number of forest insects in illustration of his paper.

By Mr. Young : a magnificent case containing over a thousand speci-
mens of Micro-lepidoptera all most beautifully spread and mounted; also
a number of Noctuids — these were all collected at Ottawa during the season
of 1905. He also exhibited some living specimens of the grotesque pupae
of Feniseca Tarquinius.

By Dr. Fletcher: a collection of Lepidoptera made in the Yukon
Territory by Mr. J. Keele of the Dominion Geological Survey Department;
this included CoUas Boothii and Pelidne, Erehia Magdalena and Visa.

By Mr. A. Gibson : a case of rare lepidoptera, inflated larvae, and
living larvae of Apantesis vittata received from Mr. E. Denny of Montreal.

By Mr. C. W. Nash : specimens of a remarkable fungus growth (Cordy-
ceps) on wire-worms.

Many of these exhibits will be found recorded, with dates and other
particulars, in the "Entomological Record for 1905."

•Published in the Canadian Entomologist,

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 39

REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.

The Council of the Entomological Society of Ontario begs to present its
report for the year 1904-5.

The forty-first annual meeting of the Society was held in London on
the 26th and 27th of October, 1904, and was well attended by local members
as well as by many from a distance. There were also present Prof. H. F.
Wickham, of the University of Iowa, Iowa City, an eminent coleopterist
aud an honorary member of the Society, and Mr. T. N. Willing, Chief
Inspector of Weeds and Naturalist for the Department of Agriculture, Re-
gina, N. W. T. During the first afternoon reports were read from the
various Branches, Sections and Officers of the Society, and from the Directors
on the notable insects of the year in their respective districts. Mr. Willing
gave an interesting account of the methods adopted iu the North-West
Territories for controlling noxious weeds and dealing with injurious insects.

In the evening a public meeting was held at the Normal School at
which the President, Professor Lochhead, read his annual address and
Prof. Wickham gave an able and interesting paper, illustrated by a large
number of lantern slides made from his own photographs, on "The Great
Basin in the Western States and its Entomological Features." The second
day was taken up with the election of officers and the reading of papers on
a variety of entomological subjects. A large number of interesting speci-
mens were also exhibited by the members present.

The 35th Annual Report on economic and general entomology was sent
to the Department of Agriculture in January last and in due course was
presented to the Legislature of Ontario and ordered to be printed. Owing
to changes in the methods adopted by the King's printers and other causes
for which we are unable to account, the volume has only just been published.
The great delay impairs to some extent the value of the report, and has
produced wide-spread complaints from members and correspondents in all
directions.

In addition to the papers already referred to, the volume contains the
following among "other articles: "Insects injurious to Ontario crops in 1904"
and the valuable "Entomological Record for 1904," by Dr. James Fletcher;
"Notes on the Basswood, or Linden insects" and on "The Columbine Borer"
by Mr. A. Gibson; "Insect Names and Insects Lists," by Mr. J. B. Williams;
"Insects collected at light during 1904," by Mr. J. D. Evans; "Insects
affecting the oak," and "the Food habits of certain Hymenoptera," by Rev.
Dr. Fyles; "Notes on the Season of 1904 in Western Quebec," by Mr. C.
Stevenson; "An elementary study of insects," by Prof. Lochhead; an obitu-
ary notice, with portrait of the late J. Alston Moffat.

The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine of the Society, has
been regularly issued. The 36th annual volume was completed in December
last and ten numbers of volume 37 have now been published. The volume
for 1904 consisted of 367 pages and was illustrated with four full-page
plates, one of which was coloured, and a number of figures from original
drawings. The contributors numbered 63 and included writers in Canada,
the United States and England. The articles are for the most part scientific
and contain, among much other highly valuable matter, descriptions of 217
new species and varieties and 11 new genera in various orders of insects.
The material contained in the volumes of our magazine is so important and
necessary to scientific workers that there is a constant demand from variout
parts of the world for complete sets or separate volumes and numbers.

During the winter months classes were held fortnightly on Saturdaj^
evenings for practical instruction in the elements of entomology as a basis

40 THE REPORT OF THE No. 10

for nature study work. Tliey were attended by a number of teachers from
the Public Schools in London as well as by other members of the Society
The course was begun by Prof. S. B. McCready and after his appointment
to the Macdonald Institute at Guelph, was continued by Dr. Bethune. When
spring opened, the subject was changed to Botany, several outings to the
country in the neighborhood were made, and the wild plants collected were
carefully studied. Owing to various causes, especially to the absence or
want of time on the part of the leaders, no formal meetings of the Sections
were held. A number of popular lectures, illustrated by lantern pictures,
were given by Dr. Bethune on insects and by Mr. W. E. Saunders on birds,
under the auspices of various organizations in London and some of the
neighboring towns.

Prof. Lochhead also has given lectures at several places on entomolog-
ical and other subjects.

The reports from the branches of the Society at Montreal, Quebec and
Toronto are highly satisfactory ; great interest is taken in their proceedings
by the local members and much good work has been accomplished.

The Council has much gratification in recording the formation of an
active Branch in British Columbia, with head-quarters at Vancouver and an
initial membership of eighteen; quarterly meetings are held and it is
expected that, with so many energetic and enthusiastic members, rapid
advancement will be made in the knowledge of the insect fauna of the
Pacific Province.

To-day the Council has the additional pleasure of authorizing the
formation of a Branch here at Guelph and welcoming the members to our
annual meeting. The large number of members, no less than 24 at the out-
set and the presence of Professors and Students of the Agricultural College
and Macdonald Institute, give the Branch a unique posit:ion and ensure its
permanent success.

The Council desires to record its sorrow at the loss of one of its earliest
Honorary members, Professor Alpheus S. Packard, M.D., who died at
Providence, Ehode Island, on the 14th of February last. He was a dis-
tinguished entomologist, and author of a large number of books, both popular
and scientific, on a variety of entomological and biological subjects; he also
contributed from time to time to the "Canadian Entomologist." His name
is held in high honour in Europe as well as throughout North America.

The Council has much pleasure in offering its hearty congratulations to
Professor Lochhead on his appointment to an important position on the
staff of the new Macdonald Institution at Stv Anne's, P.Q., and has every
confidence that, in his new sphere of active duty, he will continue to do'
good work in economic and scientific entomology and extend the influence
of our Society.

To Professor Franklin Sherman, who has recently been appointed to
the chair of entomology in the Ontario Agricultural College, the Council
extends a cordial welcome, and feels assured that he will prove thoroughly
efficient in his work and do much to encourage and direct his students in the
earnest pursuit of this Department of Natural Science.

The outlook for the Society M'as never brighter or better, and the Coun-
cil calls Tipon each member to do his share, in his own neighbourhood, in
making investigations in insect life and extending the usefulness and
influence of the Society.

All which is respectfully submitted.

John D. Evans,

President.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 41

EEPORT OF THE MONTEEAL BRANCH.

The 26Tth regular, and 32nd annual meeting of the Montreal Branch
of the Entomological Society of Ontario was held on May 8th, 1905, at the
rooms of the Natural History Society.

The following members were present, — A. E. Norris, (President); A.
F. Winn; D. Brainerd ; Alfred Griffin; L. Gibb; G. Chagnon; E. C. Bar-
wick; G. R. Southee; S. Robinson; Chas. Stevenson; Geo. A. Moore; H.
H. Lyman; and four visitors.

Minutes of April meeting were read and confirmed, and those of the
last annual meeting were taken as read.

The President read the following

Report of the Council.

The Council in submitting this report feel encouraged in knowing that
the Society is not only keeping up its honorable traditions, but is going
ahead in a manner worthy of the strenuous times in which we are now pass-
ing. Nine regular meetings have been held during the year, the average
attendance being a fraction over 7. Twenty-six papers were read, viz.

President's address, Chas. Stevenson.

A talk on Lycaenidae, A. F. Winn.

Hydroecias, illustrated by colored slides, A. E. Norris.

Leaf Hoppers, Fam. Jassidse, G. A. Moore.

Pontia rapse, n. var. rhaphanus, C. Stevenson.

Notes on Saperda, G. Chagnon.

tJydnidse — Burrowing Bugs, G. A. Moore.

Mompha eloisella, A. F. Winn.

Notes on some types, and other specimens in the Br. Museum, H. H.
Lyman.

The water-lily moth, A. F. Winn.

Notes on travel, with random observations on Entomology^ H. H.
Lyman.

Brief notes on breeding specimens of the past season, H. H. Lyman.

Cercopidse, or Spittle insects, Geo. A. Moore.

Notes on Canadian species of Donacia, G. Chagnon.

Notes on Hemiptera for season 1904, Geo. A. Moore.

Stenopelmatus fasciatus — The sand cricket, A. F. Winn.

Small-headed fly — Pterodontia flavipes, Gray, Chas. Stevenson.

Report on annual meeting at London, H. H. Lyman.

Berytidae, or Stilt-bugs, Geo. H. Moore.

More about Micro Lepidoptera, A. F. Winn.

Notes on the species of Saperda in my collection, C. Chagnon.

New Gortynas, H. H. Lyman.

Criocephalus obsoletus and Asemum moestum, a correction, G. Chagnon.

Agamic reproduction in insects, A. F. Winn.

How to describe larvae, H. H. Lyman.

Hemipterous nymphs, Geo. A. Moore.

Field days were held at St. Hilaire, Que., May 24th and July Ist and
at the Maisonneuve Woods on April 21st, 1905.

At the annual meeting held at London, the branch was represented by
Mr. Lyman.

T)uring the year two new members were added to the Society.

liespectfully submitted on behalf of the Council.

(Signed), A. E. Norris,

President,

42 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

The Treasurer submitted his report, showing a balance on hand of |58.71.

Eeports of the acting Curator and Libarian were presented, and on
motion of Mr, Winn, seconded by Mr. Brainerd, were received and adopted.

Mr. Norris read his annual address.

The election of officers for the coming year resulted as follows :

President, A. E. Norris, re-elected.

Vice-President, Geo. A. Moore.

Secretary-Treasurer, A. P. Winn.

Curator and Librarian, Chas. Stevenson.

Council, E. Denny, L. Gibb; H. H. Lyman, G. Chagnon.

It was decided to hold a field day at St. Hilare on May 24th and that
the Council should also arrange for a suitable place to spend July 1st.

Mr. Winn reported that the President of the Natural History Society
had invited the Branch to attend their outing at Mount Johnston, on Satur-
day June 10th, and in order to encourage entomological collection^ moved,
seconded by Mr. Chagnon, that the Branch should provide two books suit-
able for entomological prizes to the Natural History Society for the best
collections made on that occasion.

Mr. Norris gave a talk on butterflies and moths, illustrated by original,
colored lantern slides. He was assisted at the lantern by Mr. Griffin.

The meeting then adjourned.

(Signed), Geo. A. Moore.

Secretary-Treasurer.

REPORT OF THE QUEBEC BRANCH.

The annual meeting of the Quebec Branch was held on the 8th day of
November, 1905, at the house of the President.

There were present: The Rev. T. W. Fyles in the chair, the Rev. W.
W. McCuaig, Lt.-Uol. Crawford Lindsay, J. H. Simmons, Esq., Mrs. R.
Turner, Mrs. Simmons, Mrs. Poston, Mrs. Eyles, Miss Hamel, Miss Free-
man, Miss Bickell, Miss Hedge, Miss W. Fyles, Miss Russell.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and confirmed.

Mr. A. R. M. Boulton was elected a member of the Branch.

The President then addressed the meeting upon some of the noteworthy
entomological incidents of the year: the alarmist articles in the public press
upon the larvae of Orgyia antiqua and O. leucostigma; the interesting dis-
covery by Mr. C. W. Nash of Toronto of a fungus that takes possession of
the wireworm, much as Cordyceps melalonthae does of the white grub; the
abundance of the spiny caterpillars of Cynthia cardui upon the burdocks and
holly-hocks ; the appearance at Quebec, in great numbers, of the cotton
moth, Aletia argiUacea; late captures including that of Catocala relicta at
the electric light, etc.

The officers elected were : President, Rev. Dr. Fyles ; Vice-President,
Miss E. Macdonald; Secretary-treasurer, Lt.-Col. Crawford Lindsay; Coun-
cil, Hon. R. Turner, Rev. W. W. McCuaig, Mrs. Turner, Miss Bickell,
Miss Freeman.

Hearty votes of thanks were passed to the President and the Secretary-
treasurer tand the hostess of the occasion.

Report or Council.
The Branch now includes 25 members (22 adults and 3 juniors).
The Treasurer's report will be submitted and will no doubt be found
satisfactory.

1^5 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 43

During the year interesting lectures were delivered by the President.

The Council regret to have to record the death of one of the members,
Mrs. Morgan. A resolution of condolence was passed and forwarded to the
kusband of the deceased, Major James Morgan, and to her relatives.

Our thanks are due to the authorities of Morrin College for having
continued to allow us to use their rooms for our meetings.

Crawford Lindsay,

Secretary-Treasurer.

REPORT OF THE TORONTO BRANCH.

The ninth annual meeting of the Toronto Branch of the Entomological
Society of Ontario was held in the Provincial Museum, St. James's Square,
•n June 22nd, 1905.

The President Dr. Brodie was in the chair, and the following members
were present : Messrs. Paul Hahn, J. B. Williams, R. Hallam, M. Hallam,
J. H. Webb, Dr. E. M. Walker, J. H. Maughan, Junr., and Dr. Abbott.

The Secretary, Wm. John Maughan, Junr., read the following report.
"Your Secretary-Treasurer, has the pleasure to announce another year's
statement of prosperity and advancement for 1904-5.

We have kept our membership up, and although some members have
moved away, other new ones have joined.

The list of papers and lectures attached hereto have been splendidly
descriptive and scientifically accurate, and not a few of them covered new
and hitherto unknown material ; some have been illustrated by lantern,
others by specimens, charts, and drawings ; putting before the members most
completely all material connected therewith.

The attendance at meetings has been good, although the weather at
times has not been propitious.

Tour Secretary-Treasurer has also to announce that the Librarian-Cur-
ator has arranged and hung in the museum another large case of specimens,
showing moths found in and near Toronto ; also to thank members for their
kind donations both of specimens and publications.

It is with sincere regret that your Secretary-Treasurer announces his
withdrawal from the position he has held for some years past, and begs to
thank the members, as a whole, for their kindness and courtesy shown to
him on all occasions.

All of which is respectfully submitted.

(Signed) J. Maughan, Jr.,

Sepretary-Treasurer .

List of papers read, 1904-5.

"The Leaf-cutting bee (Megachile brevis) and its Parasite", Dr." Brodie.
"A week at Lome Park," J. B. Williams.
"Insects of North Ontario," G. M. vStewart.
"Galls of Oak," Dr. Brodie.
"Orthoptera," Dr.. E. M. Walker.
"Scales on Butterflies Wings," J. B. Williams.
"The Tussock Moth and its Parasitical Life," Dr. Brodie.
"Dragon flies," Dr. E. M. Walker.
"A trip to Algonquin Park," Paul Hahn.

44 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

The following officers were elected for 1905-6 :

President, Dr. Wm. Brodie.

Vice-President, Paul Hahn.

Librarian and Curator, J. B. Williams.

Council, Messrs. Leslie Walker, J. H. Webb, R. Hallam and Dr.
Abbott.

Secretary-Treasurer, Mr. H. S. Saunders was elected, but lie finds bimself
unable to accept the position, and another Secretary will have to be elected at'
the next meeting of the Society. Miss E. Blackmore, 242 Borden street, was
subsequently elected.

The Treasurer's report shows the funds to be in a satisfactory condition
with a balance of ninety cents on the right side.

GUELPH BRANCH.

The Guelph Branch at its meeting for organization has drawn up and
adopted the following :

CONSTITUTION.

Article I. Name.

The name of this Society is the Guelph Entomological Society — a
Branch of the Ontario Entomological Society.

Article II. Object.

The object of this Society is the increase and diffusion of the knowledge
of insects.

Article III. Membership.

Section 1. Members shall be persons interested in insects. Members
shall be elected by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any meeting.

Section 2. There shall be not less than six members resident in Guelpk
and vicinity.

Article IV. Officers.

Section 1. The officers shall be a President, Vice-President, and Sec-
retary-Treasurer, elected at the annual meeting to serve one year.

Section 2. The President shall preside at the meetings of the Society.
The President and the Secretary-Treasurer shall sign all written obligations
of the Society.

Section 3. The Vice-President shall assume the duties of the President
in the absence of the latter.

Section 4. The Secretary-Treasurer shall record the proceedings of the
Society and of the Executive Committee, conduct correspondence, and make
an annual report. He shall publish due announcement of the meetings of
the Society. He shall be Curator of the museum of the Society.

Section 5. The Secretary-Treasurer shall have charge of the funds of
the Society, and shall make collections and disbursements and render an
annual report, and his accounts shall be audited by a committee of the
society annually.

Section 6. All new officers shall begin their duties on the first day after
the annual meeting.

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 45

Article Y. Committees.

Section 1. There shall be an .iLixecutive Committee consisting of the
President, Vice-President, Secretary-Treasurer, and a student appointed
by the President.

Section 2. The executive shall constitute a standing committee on
programmes, publications, admissions to membership, research and (inacce.

Section 3. The society shall elect a delegate to the annual meeting of
the Entomological Society of Ontario.

Article YI. Finances.

Section 1. The fiscal year of the Society shall begin on the first day
after the annual meeting.

Section 2. The annual dues of members shall be one dollar, payable
at the annual meeting, and the dues for the first year shall be payable on
signing the constitution.

Section 3. Members whose dues remain unpaid one month after they
are due shall be notified by the Secretary-Treasurer that within one mouth
they will be in arrears and not entitled to a vote at the annual meeting, to
receive the publications of the Society nor of the Entomological Society of
Ontario. Members one year in arrears shall, after formal notification by
the Secretary-Treasurer, be regarded as having withdrawn from the Society.

Article YII. Meetings.

Section 1. Regular meetings of the Society shall be held on alternate
Wednesdays from October to June.

Section 2. Special meetings may be called by the President.

Section 3. The annual meeting shall be held on the first Wednesday
in October.

Section 4. Six members shall constitute a quorum.

Section 5. The Executive Committee shall hold its regular meetings on
the same days as the regular meetings of the Society; special meetings may
be called by the President.

Section 6. The regular meetings of the Society shall be open to all.

Article YIII. Publications.

The Canadian Entomologist shall be the ofiicial organ of the Guelph
Entomological Society. 7'he Canadian Entomologist and the reports of the
Ontario Entomological Society shall be sent to all members not in arrears.

Article IX.
The Society shall maintain a Museum.

Article X. Amendments.

These By-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members
present at any regular meeting, provided the proposed amendments have
been read at the last previous regiilar meeting of the Society.

The following ofiicers were elected for the year 1905-6: President, Prof.
Franklin Sherman ; Yice-President, Richard Readwin ; Secretary-Treasurer,
T. D. Jarvis; Executive Committee, Messrs. Sherman, Jarvis and Klinck.

46

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 1»

EEPOET OF THE LIBRARIAN AND CURATOR.

Duiing tlie year ending August 31st, 1905, thirty bound volumes have
been added to the Library, making the total number on the register 1,862;
also a large number of periodicals and pamphlets. Among the new acqui-
sitions may be mentioned the fifth volume, with plates, of Sir George
Hampson's "Catalogue of Lepidoptera Phalaense" in the British Museum.
During the year 27 volumes were issued to local members.

A card catalogue according to subjects has been begun and all the
bound volumes of pamphlets have been indexed in this way as well as a
number of entomological bulletins and reports.

The collections have been increased by the kind contribution of 123
specimens of Coleoptera, including 113 species, by Prof. H. F. Wickham of
Iowa City, who took note of the blanks in the cabinets when he visited the
Society during the last annual meeting. The President, Mr. J. D. Evans,
sent 50 specimens of beetles, including 16 species, new to the Society's
collection. Mr. J. A. Balkwill throughout the summer has brought in a
large number of specimens of various orders, especially Lepidopttra aad
Coleoptera, and Mr. J. A. Morden, of Hyde Park, has presented some rare
specimens of nocturnal Lepidoptera, for all which the Society is deeply
grateful.

The Curator would repeat his desire to receive specimens of almost all
of our Canadian insects to fill blanks in the cabinets and to replace old and
imperfect examples; also to have the specimens provided with labels giving
the important information of locality and dates of capture, etc. Any mem-
ber who has specimens to spare, and every one must have some, will confer
a fovour by first sending a list of those he is willing to present to the
Society in order to prevent Unnecessary duplication. The collections of
Lepidoptera and Coleoptera from Ontario and Quebec are fairly c mplote,
but in other orders the Society is very badly off.

The number of visitors is satisfactorily, advantage being taken of the
opportunities to inspect the Library and collections during three af uernnoas
in each week, when they are open to the public.

Respectfully submitted,

Chaeles J. S. Bethune,

Librarian and Curator.

REPORT OF THE TREASURER.

Receipts and Expenditures of the Entomological Society of Ontario for the year
ending August 31st, 1905.

Receipts. Expenditures.

Balance on hand September 1st,

1904 $445 74

Members' fees 340 71

Lefrislntive grant 1,000 00

Sales of pins, cork, etc 43 59

Sales of Entomologist 174 10

Advertisements 41 44

Interest 7 63

.T. A. Bat.kwill
Audited and found correct.

$2,053 21
Treasurer.

Annual Meeting and Report ... $91 85

Salaries 276 00

Postage, stationery, etc 146 29

Printing 753 77

Pins, cork, etc 16 31

Rent 171 25

Insurance ;.... 48 80

Library 32 18

Balance on hand 517 76

$2,053 21

F. A. Sttjart,

W. H. Hamilton, Auditors.

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 47

REPOET FROM THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO TO
THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA.

Through John D. Evans, Delegate.

During the past year the Entomological Society of Ontario has drifted
along in its usual even tenor, doing good work and progressing steadily and
has passed the upwards of two score years of its existence.

The forty first annual meeting was held in October last, in its new,
commodious and accessible quarters in the Public Library Building, Queen's
Ave., London, the attendance being good, and among those present were
four representatives of the gentler sex. From a distance may be mentioned
the presence of Mr. T. N. Willing, Chief Inspector of Weeds for the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, Regina, N.W.T., and from among our neighbors -from
across the border we gladly hailed the presence of an oft contributor to ".ur
magazine in the person of Prof. Wickham of the University of Iowa, Iowa
City.

After the usual routine of business at the morning session the President
opened the proceedings in the afternoon, at which the reports of the several
Directors on the injurious insects of the year were read.

A feeling reference was made to recent death of the valued and faithful
Curator and Librarian, J. Alston Moffat.

Mr. T. N. Willing presented a most interesting account of the methods
inaugurated for the eradication of the nox;ious weeds in the North-west
Territories, following which, Prof. Lochhead read his paper on the injur-
ious insects of the year in Ontario.

The reports from the Toronto and Montreal Branches were also read.

A very largely attended and appreciative meeting was held in the
evening in the Normal School presided over by Dr. Jas. Fletcher, at which
Prof. Lochhead read his Presidential address on "Recent Progress in En-
tomology," and Prof. Wickham gave a most interesting lecture illustrated
by a large number of beautiful lantern slides on "The Great Basin in the
Western States and its Entomological Features."

The 35th annual report of the Society to the Legislature of Ontario has
been presented in which is given a full report of all the papers read at the
annual meeting. In addition to the afore-mentioned the following of the
most important contributions may be enumerated, viz., —

"Insects Injurious to Ontario Crops in 1904," and "Entomological
Record 1904," by T)t. Fletcher.

"Further Notes on Basswood or Linden Insects," and "Notes on the
Columbine borer," by Arthur Gibson.

"Insects Collected at Light during 1904," by J. D. Evans.

"Spining Methods of Telea Polyphemus," by J. W. Cockle.

"Insect Names and Insect Lists," by J. W. Williams.

"Notes on the Season of 1904 in Quebec," by C. Stevenson.

"Insects Affecting the Oak," and "On the Food-Habits of Certain Hy-
menoptera," by T. W. Fyles.

"An Elementary Study of Insects," by Wm. Lochhead.

"The Pear Tree'Psylla and How to Deal with It," by G. E. Fisher.

Obituary notice of the late John Alston Moffat.

The foreeroing is termed the annual report; in addition to this is pub-
lished monthly the magazine, The Ca/nadian Entomologist, now in its
37th year.

48 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

The 36tli volume (being for 1904) consists of 367 pages, has four full-
page plates and a number of cuts from original drawings. The contributors
■iire 63 in number, embracing thirteen Canadian, thirty-nine in the neighbor-
ing Republic and one in England.

The papers cover all the important orders of insects, such as Lepi'doptera,
Hymenoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Neuroptera,
throughout which are described 217 new species and varieties and 11 new
genera.

The papers being too numerous (being upwards of one hundred, besides
numerous short paragraphs, book reviews and obituary notices,) to desig-
nate all by title; a few of the more important may be mentioned such as, —
"Classification of the Fossorial, Predaceous and Parasitic Wasps, or the
Super-family Vespoidea," by Wm. H. Ashmead; "Several New Diptera
from North America," by D. W. Coquillett; "Notes on North American
StratiomyidiB," by A. L. Melander; "New Noctuidae from British Colum-
bia," by Harrison C. Dyar; "Synopsis of Anthopila," by Charles Robert-
son; "The Diptera of British Columbia," by James »S. Hine and Raymond
C. Osburn; "Synopsis of Bees of Oregon, Washington, British Columbia and
Vancouver," by H'y. L. Viereck, et ah; "New Tortricids from Kaslo, B.C.,
and the Northwest," by W. D. Kearfott; "Descriptions of Some New Species
and Varieties of Canadian Butterflies," by Dr. Fletcher; "The Crickets of
Ontario," also "Notes on the Locustidse of Ontario," by E. M. Walker;
"New Noctuidse for 1904," bv Prof. John B. Smith; "New Species of North
American Lepidoptera," by Dr. Wm. Barnes; "Synopsis of Prosopis and
Colletes with Supplementary, Notes and Descriptions," by Charles Robert-
son; "New Species of North American Asilidee," by E. A. Back; "On Some
New Coleoptera, Including Five New Genera," by Thos. L. Casey; "A
Review of Our Geometrid Classification," by Richard F. Pearsall.

"The British Columbia Entomological Society" has recently become
affiliated with us and is now the B. C. Branch of the Entomological Society
of Ontario. Thus are we "lengthening our cords and strengthening our
stakes."

During the winter months regular classes have been held fortnightly in
London for the study of entomology under the direction of Mr. S. B.
McCready, Science Master of the London Collegiate Institute and now
Nature Study Professor at the Macdonald Institute, Guelph, assisted by Dr.
Bethune.

These meetings have been well attended, chiefly by teachers in the
public schools of the city.

Similar instruction has been begun in botany and -will be carried on
during the summer, excursions being made for specimens to different parts
of the surrounding country.

A number of lectures illustrated with lantern pictures on noxious, ben-
eficial and interesting insects have been given by Dr. Bethune in London and
a few places in the neighborhood.

Prof. Lochhead of Guelph has given lectures on similar subjects in Ham-
ilton and elsewhere.

The Library and collections of the Society are open to the public on
three afternoons in each week and attract a fair number of visitors.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 49

AFTERNOON SESSION.

Thursday, October 19tli, 1905.

The Vice-President, Dr. Eletclier, took the chair at 2.30 o'clock, p. m. ;
there were about eighty persons present. The first business of the session
was the election of ofl&cers for the ensuing year, which resulted as shown on
page 2.

Prof. Sherman, who has been recently appointed to the chair of Entomol-
ogy at Ihe Ontario Agricultural College, on being called upon, said that his
duties were confined to entomology in all its bearings and departments, now
that is was separated from the teaching of botany and other subjects. Among
other objects he had especially in view the formation of a representative col-
lection of the insects of all orders to be found in the Province of Ontario, *>nd
a catalogue giving dates, localities, etc. He intended that every specimen
should be properly labelled so as to give all necessary data regarding it, and
he exhibited some recent captures showing his method of labelling. He ex-
pected that the Entomological Society would help the College and the College
would certainly help the Society.

The Chairman then read the annual address of the President and ex-
pressed the regret that was felt by all at the absence of Mr. Evans.

ANNUAL ADDRESS OF THE PRESIDENT.

By John D. Evans, C.E., F.L.S., Trenton.

It is with the utmost aiffidence that I presume to present to you this, the
President's Annual Address, on this auspicious occasion, being the first meet-
ing of the Society at the fountain-head of economic entomology for the Pro-
vince of Ontario, the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph.

Owing to pressure of ofiicial duties in my professional capacity for some
months past, it has been quite impossible for me to prepare anything upon a
special subject bearing upon the all-absorbing, instructive and useful pursuit,
the study of insect life. I trust, therefore, you will kindly bear with me in
the few brief remarks I may have to make and pardon me for not providing
you with the intellectual treat you are usually regaled with upon like occa-
sions.

We have met together to transact the (always) important duties attend-
ant upon the annual meeting, and we should heartily congratulate ourselves
upon having reached the 42nd annual gathering of the Society without a
break or misstep either in its annual meetings or publication of its magazine
for such a length of time. It is the oldest extant on this continent, I be-
lieve, save one, and is held in the highest esteem not only over the length and
breadth of this continent, but also in the remote parts of the Old "World.
And its publication (the monthly magazine) includes among its many con-
tributors most of the leading specialists from among our very helpful neigh-
bors across the border, as well as occasional ones from the other side of the
salt water. Nor should we omit to refer to the annual reports of this Society
to the Ontario Department of Agriculture, now numbering thirty-five, which
are replete with the most useful information regarding the life histories of
insects, the methods of dealing with the injurious ones, and preserving the
garden, orchard, and farm crops from their ravages. These reports are very
rpuch sought after, not only by those for whom they were especially prepared
(the sufPefers), but also by the entomologists and entomological societies the
world over.

4 EN.

50 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Great strides are being made in the study of the insect fauna generally,
but more especially has attention been directed of late to some of the, hereto-
fore, most neglected orders, the Orthoptera and Diptera coming well to the
front, particularly the last mentioned, which has been recently catalogued by
Prof. J. M. Akhich of tTie LTniversity of Idaho, the species now numbering
8,300 as H gainst 2,500 catalogued in 1878 by Baron Osten Sacken and follow-
ing closely, numerically, the Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.

Among many other assiduous workers in the field on this continent who
are doing good work, adding largely to the knowledge regarding their several
specialties, may be mentioned Dr. J. B. Smith in the Noctuidse, Eev. Geo.
W. Taylor in the Geometridae, and Mr. W. D. Kearfott in the Micro-Lepid-
optera.

We are deeply indebted to a large number of the American specialists,
among whom may be mentioned Dr. L. 0. Howard, Dr. Harrison G. Dyar,
Mr. D. W. Coquillet, Dr. W. H. Ashmead, Dr. Henry Skinner, Mr. E. P.
Yanduzee, and Prof. H, P. Wickham, for their many patient and self-sacri-
ficing acts in examining and naming species in the various orders for the
Canadian collectors and students.

Much literature on entomological subjects has been produced during the
past year, but foremost among them may be classed "American Insects," by
Prof. V. L. Kellogg, of Leland Stanford, Jr., University, which is profusely
illustrated with colored plates ana figures in the text and provides a very
valuable work for the use of nature observers, natural history students, and
of general readers. Also in this category may be added "A Synonymic Cata-
logue of the Erycinidae of the World," by Levi W. Mengel of Reading, Penn.

We are sorry to learn that our worthy Past-President and genial and in-
defatigable worker. Prof. W. Lochhead, is about to withdraw his valued serv-
ices from the Ontario Agricultural College to become the Entomologist at the
new Agricultural College at St. Anne's, Que., which has been founded by Sir
Wm Macdonald, but although he may be somewhat further removed geo-
graphically, still we hope to always have his presence at our meetings in the
future and counsel in matters pertaining to the welfare of the Society, and
help and assistance in time of need. We have no doubt that his successor.
Prof. Sherman, a student under Prof. Comstock, and of much experience, will
prove to be the right man in the right place, and carry on the work at the
College in the same thorough and painstaking manner as has been done under
the rpfrime of his predecessor.

The passing season has been, so far as 1 am aware, and from my own ex-
perience and observation, a very poor one for insects, generally speaking very
wet, somewhat similar to the two last preceding seasons. Consequently insect
life in many ways has not flourished. The forest tent caterpillar {C. disstria)
seemingly has disappeared entirely and the presence of the Fall webworm
{H. textor) very rarely seen.

The County of Prince Edward and the surrounding district has been
noted in the past for large crops of high grade pease, but of late years the
Pea-weevil {B. pisi) has been so destructive that the crop has been almost
ruined. A great warfare has been waged against this insect pest through the
iiistruinentality of the leading members of this Society, to wit, the active
workers in this department at the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa and
the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph. For about two years the pea
crop was almost eliminated from the farming community with the hope that
the shortness of the food plant would wape out the pest. This apparently has
come to pass, for this year again a very large acreage has been sown, resulting
in a most bountiful crop with very little, if any, ill effects from the weevil. It

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 51

is to be hoped now that those interested will take to heart a lesson from past
experience and use all the means available, which have been so thoroughly
advertised and disseminated by the ofl&cers above-mentioned throughout the
length and breadth of the country, so as to keep the pest within due bounds.

I learn that the San Jose vScale and Codling moth are also well under
control by means of the spraying methods practised under the leadership and
guidance of the afore-mentioned officers through the instrumentality of this
Society.

The White Cabbage butterfly {P. rapce) and Yellow Clover butterfly (C.
phitodice) have been very numerous in places late this season, but they have
not apparently done any serious damage.

Nature study is a suoject gaining much strength and being taken up
among the schools all over the country, and is now one of the subjects recom-
mended by the Educational Department of Ontario. Steps are being taken
at this time to take up the subject in the Trenton schools, and its rootlets
have taken hold in most remote outlying districts, even to the most northern
extremity of this County of Hastings.

This subject has repeatedly been brought before the notice of the public
by various members of this Society, lectures having been given in London and
various places in the neighborhood, at Guelph, Hamilton and elsewhere, by
Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Bethune, Prof. Lochhead, Prof. McCready, and others.
Particular mention must be made of Prof. John Dearness, who has recently
produced "The Nature Study Course," a book designed for the use of those
interested in the education of the young, both boys and girls.

In furtherance of this most commendable study, reference should be made
to an illustrated paper, "Practical and Popular Entomology," "Entomology
in Schools," by Mr. H. S. Saunders, of Toronto, which appeared in our maga-
zine in the February issue of this year, as being deserving of emulation by
other members of our Society.

After the remaining papers on the programme had been read and dis-
cussed (they will be found in succeeding pages of this report), President
Creelman expressed the pleasure which it had given him and the members of
the College to have the annual meeting of the Society in their buildings, and
on behalf of the students in Biology, the Wellington Field Naturalists^ Club
and the Entomologists, he asked the Society to meet at the Guelph College as
often as it possibly could.

Prof. H. L. HuTT joined in this expression of gratification and sa4d that
he had been especially pleased to meet and make the personal acquaintance-
ship of many veteran entomologists whose names had long been familiar to
him.

Prof. Lochhead spoke of the importance of this meeting to the students,
who would receive a lasting inspiration from it.

Votes of thanks were unanimously passed to President Creelman and his
staff for their kindness and hospitality^; to Prof. J. B. Smith for his welcome
visit and most interesting lecture; and to the reporters of the Toronto Globe,
the Guelph Herald and Mercury, and the Toronto Weekly Sun, for their ex-
cellent accounts of the proceedings.

52 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

INSECTS AS NATURE STUDIES.
By S. B. McCready, Professor of Nature Study, Macdonald Institute,

GUELPH.

My interest in this topic is not that of an entomologist, but that of the
schoolmaster. To the student of insect life nothing, perhaps, is more natural
as nature studies, than insects; nothing perhaps is more likely to awaken
readier interest and develop powers of careful observation; nothing in animal
life has much, if any, greater concern with our lives. But while our teachers
are quite ready to acknowledge that the study of insects may profitably be
admitted to a place amongst the multitude of school studies, they are, as a
class, quite at a loss to know how to commence the study of them. They feel
afraid, or helpless, or rebellious, or indifferent. They feel that they have been
imposed upon; they have been trained and accepted into a work which is
suddenly changed; sometimes it is hinted that their inability to handle the
work is through fault of theirs to readily adjust themselves to new conditions;
i-n fact through insects and the other "what-nots" of nature studies, the con-
scientious teacher's burden has become considerably heavier in these later
days.

Here are the insect studies prescribed for Manitoba schools, e.g. :
Grade I. Butterflies and moths. Reference to color, beauty, movements, etc. ;
study of simple life-history of butterfly or moth; preparation for
winter by insects.
Grade II. Observation of habits of the ant, bee, wasp, and grasshopper.
Grade lY. The House moth. The eggs, the larva, the cocoon and pupa, the
imago, the egg; or the study of a wasp in nest making, feeding
young, guarding young, and in winter season.
Grade V. Ijisect life in relation to the shade trees; aphis, caterpillar and
leaf gall of maple suggested ; rearing mosquitoes and butterflies from
eggs in order to obtain life histories ; recognition of lady-bird beetle
with a view to protecting^ it. Finding the larvae on trees infested by
aphids; observation of insect life in an old log, a rotten stump, a
sand hill ; incidental observation of insect life.
Grade VI. Interdependence of insects and flowers; special study of grass-
hoppers; finding the eggs, obsf^rving young hoppers, and growth of
their wings; the most favorable weather, food how eaten, behaviour
in wet and windy weather, etc.
Grade YII. Cockroach and field insects. Simple classification of insects ac-
cording to character of wing.
Grade VIII. Insects of field, Bee.

This is the outline of insect work for the Manitoba teacher in the Public
Schools, and is like that for Ontario schools, except that it is more specific —
the Ontario outline is expressed in general terms e.g., in Form IV. the work
is life histories of conspicuous and economic insects; organs and functions.

With most teachers, even those who have had advantages of University
training, there has never been an awakening of interest in insect life — life
histories, moths and butterflies, aphids, beetles, larvae, galls, caterpillars,
«ocoon, pupa, impgo, egg — such terms mean very little, if anything. They
are cut off from helping themselves as they may do in other subjects; the
work demands actual personal obpervation if it is to be rightly presented;
ithey cannot read ahead of their classes as in history, geography, and arith-
metic and make proper presentation of the siibject; it isn't in books, m fact
it needs quite another kind of adjustment, a humiliation, a really putting of

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 53

oneself into the child's position and attitude. This is hard. No other subject
demanded it, the teacher has, in many branches of school work, grown away
from the child's atmosphere, but here it is only by becoming as a little child
that success may be won.

But while the teacher is learning of insects in this way it is slow, and
with the demands of other studies upon him, disheartening; advanced classes
will be demanding greater knowledge than patient independent investigation
could attend to in many years, — the teachers must be helped ; in the multi-
plicity of texi-books there is confusion, even if they should be able to secure
them; and many of the books are more hinderance than help on account of
being over technical or too exhaustive ; the school inspectors can very seldom
help much, and without help from books, or superintendent, the teacher
may be unintentionally working harm to a good cause; may in striving for
the same end in nature study as he does in many other subjects — the acquire-
ment of facts — defeat its chief purpose — the development in our boys and
girls of a sympathetic, patient, independent outlook on nature.

The Entomological Society of Ontario and its members can do a great
deal to help on the work — as indeed they have done already.

There should be some means adopted by our Department of Education
whereby articles such as that of Dr. Fletcher's on the Clover Butterfly, pub-
lished..in the Ottawa Field Naturalist, and the articles on economic insects
appearing in our Annual Reports, could be put into the hands of every school
teacher and school inspector in Ontario, and free, it has to he free, and with
clear instructions for adapting the work to the schools. There is a large
field of usefulness for our Canadian Entomologist in offering through the
Department of Education special articles in insect studies suited to our
.schools. At the present juncture, since travelling instructors or local cen-
tres of instruction are impracticable, and the University is not helping,
these are the best means I can think of for helping our teachers, and our
boj-s and girls in a rather puzzling situation.

NOTES ON THE SEASON 1905 (WESTERN QUEBEC).
By Charles Stevenson, Montreal.

Insect collecting this season has been interesting on account of the quan-
tities of several species of butterflies that appeared. But it has been some-
what disappointing in the captures of rare species and varieties.

In Lepidoptera our old friends Vanessa atalanta, Linn., hunter a. Fab.,
and cardvi, Linn., have been very plentiful; in fact in some localities more
prominent than the common Pontia rapce, Linn., and Euryrrms philodice,
Godt., the Albinic variety of the latter being prominent. Over twenty-five
specimens were captured by Messrs. G. Chagnon, E. Denny and myself on
the 28th Sept., in a small patch of ground in Outremont, near MontreaL The
Dne-time-common Anosia plexippus , Linn., which had almost disappeared last
year, showed up more frequently. A fine fresh specimen was caught as late
us the 3rd Oct., near Montreal.

Owing to the activity of the collectors this year, four separate localities
around Montreal are now known to be frequented by Stenopis thule, Strecker,

Great prominence was brought before the public of Montreal by the rav-
ages of the Tussock moths. Three species were found, Notolophus antique,
Linn., Hemerocampa leucostigma, S. & A., and definita, Pack., leucostigma

54 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

teing the most plentiful and antiqua rare. Considerable amusement was given
to the entomologists by the ridiculous methods adopted by the authorities to
exterminate them, the chief one being to scrape the egg-masses off the trees
and leave them on the ground.

Good work has been done by Mr. E. Denny in rearing caterpillars, es-
pecially in procuring varieties of Apantesis vittata, Fab., and great credit is
due to this gentleman for his patience and perseverance in bringing other
lepidoptera larvae to maturity.

Mr. G. A. Moore continues to do good work in the study of Hemiptera.

Messrs. H. H. Lyman, A. E. Norris, and A. E. Winn have continued
their studies of the life histories of the Gortynas.

Mr. G. Chagnon has made a specialty of the Buprestidce and Ceramhy-
cidcp of the world, and has built up a collection of these insects which is well
worth seeing. At the same time he has not neglected the local fauna of Cole-
optera, besides which he has commenced a collection of local Lepidoptera,
taking particular interest in the Geometridce, in which group we hope to see
him have a companion in Mr. G. A. Southee, who has recently become an
enthusiastic collector.

It is a pleasure to record the interest that is being aroused among the
younger folk, not only in making collections but also in the economic value
and the life histories of the specimens they capture. Special mention may be
made of the steady work of Masters G. R. Southee, Arthur Denny, T. S. Rob-
inson, H. G. Roche, and Roland Desjardins.

I myself have little to record, owing to my having been severely handi-
capped by the loss in the spring of my helpmate. However, I have added to
my list of local Blattidm several specimens and have been making a special
study of ecological entomology, and hope to give my observations at an early
date. I may inention, in reference to this subject, that Sporotrichum gloh-
uUferum, Speg., has been quite epidemic in this locality, and that flacherie
has dealt great destruction among the caterpillars of Malocosoma Americana,
Harr.

The following interesting captures may be mentioned : —

Erora laeta, Edw., St. Hilaire, Que., 24th May. E.G. Barwick.

Enodia portlandia. Fab., Mt. Johnson, Que., 10th June. Charles Stev-
enson. (Fig. 16.)

Apantesis vittata, Mt. Johnson, Que., 10th June. E. Denny. (From
which he obtained a batch of eggs, which he successfully brought through to
maturity and obtained a splendid series of varieties. He succeeded in mat-
ing some of the imagoes and got more eggs, which are now full-grown cater-
pillars.)

Calosoma scrutator, Fab., St. John's, Que., 30th July. G. Chagnon.
(Fig. 17.)

Hydrcena pennsylvanica, Kies, St. Anne de Bellevue, Que., 23rd July. G.
Chagnon.

Halticamfa, 111., St. Hilaire, Que., 27th June. G. Chagnon.

A report of the entomological work of this locality would be incomplete
without making an acknowledgment of the lady friends of the collectors, es-
pecially Mrs. E. Denny and Mrs. G. R. Southee, for their assistance and
encouragement of the insect-hunting hobby.

1906

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

55

Fig. 16. Enodia Portlandia, the Pearly-
eye butterfly.

Fig. 19. Orchard Tent-caterpillars on their
^ web : c egg-bracelet ; d cocoon.

C\wi)//'^

Fig. 22. Cicada : (t pupa, 6 empty shell, e eggs, d slits
made in twig for eggs, c mature Cicada.

Fig. 17. Calosoma scrutator, the
Green Caterpillar-hunter beetle.

Fig. 20. A Hawk-moth (Sphinx) caterpillar.

Fig. 21. Prionus laticoUis
beetle. ^

56 THE. REPORT OF THE No. 19

FOREST INSECTS.
By Rev. Thomas W. Ftles, D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, Que.

Insects fall naturally under two heads. — biting insects, Mandibulata,
and sucking insects, Haustellata. To the former belong the borers in the
tree-trunks, the twig-girdlers, and the leaf devourers ; to the latter, the Cic-
adas, the scale insects, and the plant lice. It is difficult to tell which of the
two orders is the most hurtful to vegetation. In "God's great army" the
most insignificant corps becomes occasionally by force of numbers, a formid-
able array.

In the summer of 1881, the maples presented a strange appearance.
Their foliage became brown and withered, as if autumn had come before its
time. On examination it was found that countless multitudes of the larvae
of a minute species of moth, Depressaria acerifoliella, had assailed the foliage.

The larva of this species bites disks from the leaves and binds them to-
gether with a silken filament, so constructing a case for itself. It protrudes
its head and forelegs from its case and moves about the leaf, eating away the
fleshy parts.

In 1893 another remarkable insect attack upon the maples was witnessed ;
nearly every leaf of the trees was drawn out of shape^its edges being fastened
together with a fine web. Within the tent thus formed was a curious brown
case, somewhat in the form of a cornucopia, and snugly ensconsed within the
case was a green larva with an amber-colored head. This truly was one of
the most economical of insects. Longfellow has said: —

"O thou sculptor, painter, poet I
Take this lesson to thy heart :
That is best which lieth nearest,
Shape from it thy work of art."

And this larva had used up its exuviae and excrement in forming a case for
itself — an inner retreat. The leaf was its shelter and store of food; for it fed
upon the parenchyma, and left only the veins and skin. The case was its
stronghold. The name of the insect is Semasia signatana.

Our native insect pests are bad enough ; but the insect foes that we most
dread are the foreigners, for the reason that "it is better to deal with the
devil you know than the devil you don't know."

The advent of the Larch Saw-fly (Nematus Ericlisonii) is an old story
now. This pest destroyed our tamaracs in the eighties, and it

"Still goes marching on."

Mr. A. H. D. Ross, in his excellent article on "The Forest Resources of Lab-
rador Peninsula," tells us that of late years the* European Larch Saw-fly has
destroyed inost of the larch between Lake St. John and Lake Mistassini. and
the pest is spreading northward.

The Gypsy moth, the Brown-tail moth, and the Leopard moth are new
importations to the country to the south of us.

So great a plague has the Gypsy moth been in Massachusetts that the
Legislature in four years (1890-4) expended |275,000 in the effort to extermin-
ate it, and had not succeeded ; and further appropriations were* required.

The larva of the Brown-tail moth is also injurious in Massachusetts, and
as their fine barbed hairs are easily detached and carried in the air, they often
settle upon the passers-by, work their way into the pores of the skin and cause
much suffering. They are greatly to be dreaded.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 57

Tiie larvaB of the Leopard moth are borers. The species has found its
way to New York.

In Canada a very common and mischievous pest is the Forest-tree tent
caterpillar (Clisiocampa disstria). This also flourishes more abundantly some
years than others. In 1899 it and its congener, ClisiocaTupa Americana, were
so abundant in the Counties of Drummond and Shefford that they stripped
the second growth trees bare. Hordes of them crossing the railway brought
the train to a standstill, the rails having become slippery with crushed larvse.

The larva of C. disstria (the Forest tent caterpillar) can readily be a^'s-
tinguished from that of C. Americana (the Orchard Tent caterpillar). It has
a blue head, and a row of silvery spots down the back (Fig. 18), while the
other has a black head and a continuous dorsal line (Fig. 19). I consider C.
disstria the worst of the leaf-eating foes of our hardwood trees.

The larvae of Orgyia antiqua and Orgyia leucostigma are handsome but
mischievous. They are beautifully tufted .along the back. (Fig. 4.) Those
of the latter species may be known by their red heads. Both kinds feed upon
a variety of forest trees.

The males of these species are called "Vapourers" because of" their- jaunty
flight. They skip hither and thither, as Wood says, "like Ccelebs in search of
a wife." The females, on the other hand, are most exemplary in their be-
haviour. St. Paul, if he had been an entomologist, would have admired them
greatly — they "go not from house to house," they stay at home and mind
their own affairs. They remain upon the cocoons, from which they crept. There
they await their mates; there they lay their eggs; and there they die. But
we must not give them too much credit for their domestic virtues. They are
aided by the force of circumstances in conducting themselves well — they have
only rudimentary wings. (Fig. 7.)

There are a number of large moths, the larvae of which under peculiar
circumstances might become injurious to forest trees. Their very size makes
them formidable. (Fig. 20.) The larvae of the Hawk-moths, Sphinx chersis
and Sphinx kalmice, feed upon the ash, though I frequently find them on the
lilac. This is not surprising, for both the lilac and the ash belong to the same
family of plants, the Oleaceae, of which the olive tree is the type.

The larva of Ellema coniferarum feeds upon the pine. I wish the species
were a little more common, for I have only met with one specimen in many
years.

The larvae of Ceratojnia amyntor feed upon the elm. They have four
prominent horns on their shoulders; and Harris on this account gave them the
name of Quadricomis. There are peculiarities in the form and habits of this
species that are well worth notice.

It will be remembered that the leaves of the elm on the under side are
strongly and regularly ribbed, and that they are often curled over on one side
in a roll. The Amyntor caterpillars are of the same color as the leaf, and
along the sides have seven oblique, raised, rough lines. They lie extended
along the edge of the leaf, and in. that position very closely resemble the roll
of the leaves near them. Nor is this all. In the autumn the leaves of the
elm become rusty brown in colour, and that the resemblance to the leaves may
be maintained, the caterpillars become of the same hue. They afford in this
a rmarkable instance of what is called Mimetic Analogy.

The ^arva of that stately mo+h, Triptogon modesta, feeds upon the pop-
lar, and that of Cressonia juglandis upon the black walnut, the butternut and
the hirkory.

Upon a variety of forest trees, the larvae of those magnificent Saturn-
ians, Attacus cecropia (the largest of our moths), and Telea polyphemus are

58 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

to be found, whilst those of Actios hina (the most beautiful) feed upon the
butternut, and those of Hyperchiria Lo upon the elm, the basswood and the
balsam-poplar. The last-named larvae are set with stinging spines.

In the West the larva of that splendid moth, Eacles imperiaUs, feeds
upon the white pine ; and the larvae of Citheronia regalis, which has as many
horns as the Beast in the Apocalypse, and is locally known as the ''Hickory
Horned Devil," feeds upon the black walnut, butternut, hickory, etc. I have
never heard, however, that the caterpillars of these very large insects have
done much damage.

Of insects that injure the roots of the trees, these are remarkable : —

The White Grub: This is the larva of the May Beetle, Lachnostema
fusca. (Fig. 6.) The gru'bs of this species are very general feeders upon the
roots of plants. They are said to be injurious to young pines and tamaracs.

A formidable foe to the poplar, basswood and oali;, is Prionus laticollis,
the Bro; d-netked Sawyer which bores into the roots of trees. As it works
undergrouna its ravages are not easily detected. (Fig. 21.)

But of the underground insect foes of the forest trees, the Cicadas are, I
think, the worst. Happily this part of Canada is out of the range of Tihicen
Septendecim, which spends seventeen years at the roots of trees, imbibing at
the very founts of vegetable life. But Cicada canicularis is very abundant
with usj If you go into the woods in autumn you will hear the shrill sound
produced by their little tambours or side drums, which vibrate, as the boys
say, "for, all they are worth." We have another species, Tihicen rimosa, but
it is not common with us.

The habits of the Cicadas are interesting. The females cut grooves in the
twigs of their favorite trees, and in each groove lay a row of eggs. The eggs
seem to be nourished by the sap in the twigs, for they become enlarged. The
newly-hatched larvae drop to the ground and burrow till they reach the roots
of the trees. Into these they drive their beaks, and then, for three years, live
by suction upon the sap. At the end of that time they work their way out of
the earth, climb for a short distance up the trees, and then writhe and twist
till their skins burst down the back. Out of the rent, in every case, creeps a
perfect insect, drawing its legs out of their former enclosures as out of boots.
In about ten minutes (I have watched the process) the air has penetrated to
every part of the insect's body, its wings have been shaken out of plait into
their full dimensions, and the creature is ready for jflight. (Fig, 21.)

If you ask me what should be done to check the Cicadas, well, I know
what I should do as regards the orchard, the sugar-bush and the enclosed
woods. I should in the autumn turn a herd of swine into them. The animals
would not only eat the windfall apples, the acorns and beech-mast and fungi,
they would grub about the roots of the trees, and devour the immature Cic-
adas, the White Grubs, and the pupae of many kinds of flies, beetles and
moths. I have seen the experiment tried, and the pigs throve.

But a part of my subject of more interest to lumbermen is that relating
tc the "Borers" — and truly their name is legion.

A number of beetles belonging to the family Buprestidae bore in the pine.
Two splendid beetles of this family are Chalcophora Yirginiensis and Chalco-
j-hora fortis.

C. fortis is the largest and handsomest of our Buprestidae, and, perhaps,
as regards our collections, the rarest. Mr. H. Hague Harrington speaks of it
as rare at Ottawa, and I never met with it at Montreal, nor in the Eastern
Townships; but one day I was walking under the cliff, at Hadlow, on the
south side of the river, when I found specimens of both C. Virginiensis and C.
fortis. There were no trees near in which they could have bred, and the in-

1906

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

59

sects were fresh and perfect. TJbe discovery was a marvel to me till, on look-
ing to the river side, I saw, stranded, a crib of pine timber; and tEen the
mystery was solved. This incident shows how easily insects may be spread
over the country.

There is a beetle called Monohamnius titiUator. (Fig. 23.) This beetle
and its congener, MonohaTninux sctitellafus (Fig. 24) make damaging tunnels
in the trunks of the pine ; and they sometimes turn up unexpectedly in places
far from their native forest.

Fig.
gpeciosus,
borer.

Plagionotus
Maple-tree

Fig. 23. Monohamus titiUator, Pine-
borer beetle.

The larva of Plagionotus speciosus (Fig. 25) is a borer in the maple.
That of the fine beetle Saperda calcarata bores in the poplar. The Apple-tree
borer, Saperda Candida (Fig 26) works also in the American mountain ash
and the thorn. The larvEe of Saperda vestita, Saperda tridentata and Cyllene
pictus bore respectively in the basswood, the elm and the cedar (Thuja occi-
dentnlis).

Time would fail me to enumerate the small beetles which mine between
the bark and the white wood, and which at times do much harm — volumes
might be written upon them.

6 C

' Fig. 26. Saperda Candida, Apple-tree borer : a grub,
h pupa, c beetle.

But I must not pass over the more important of the Lepidopterous and
Hymenopterous borers. Of the former we have remarkable instances; in
Cossus Centerensis, which bores in the poplar (Fig. 27) ; in Prionoxystus rob-
mice, which, as its name implies^ bores in the locust, or false acacia; and in
Prionoxystus Macmurtrei, which Mr. A. F. Winn has found upon oaks on
Mount Royal.

60 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

The larva of several species of Ciear-wing motlis are borers ; Sesia acerni
in the soft maple, Sesia pictipes in the wild cherry, Pseudohazis denudata in
the ash.

The Horn-tail, Tremex columba, or Pigeon Tremex (Fig 28), is a creature
of formidable appearance. It has a stout acuform, but hollow, ovipositor
which extends in its sheath from the middle of the underside of the abdomen
to a length of half an inch beyond the body. The Tremex drives this instru-
ment through the bark and into the soft wood of the tree (which is usually a
maple or a beech), and then, by muscular action, it passes its eggs through the
ovipositor to the end of the wound it has made. The Tremex is, in many in-
stances, so exhausted in the process that it has not strength to withdraw its
ovipositor, and perishes at its post.

As soon as the young larvae are hatched they begin to tunnel in different
directions, enlarging their passages as they grow.

Other Horn-tails of like habits to the Tremex are Sirex alhicornis, Sirex
flavicornis, and Paururus cyaneus, and these assail the pine.

'IhiV-i- -^.

Fig. 27. Wood-boring caterpillar (Cossus) and ^i^r 28 Pi^-eon Tremex — the

c^ry^alis. HorS-taU borer':

It must not be supposed that nature has left these borers to multiply and
work their will without a check. If she had, the forests would have disap-
peared long ago. No — a number of formidable Ichneumon flies, with yet
longer ovipositors, are engaged in reducing the hosts of the enemies.

Indeed every kind of destructive insect has its foes. Insectivorous birds
and predaceous insects, under ordinary circumstances, keep the spoilers within
bounds. And man may give his assistance to nature to the same end. For
instance, he can preserve the woodpeckers and the soft-billed birds. The
man who would shoot a woodpecker ought to be ostracized. I wish I could
hear more frequently the hearty laughing call of that noble bird the Bonneted
Woodpecker, Picus pileus. Alas, its beauty has been to it a "fatal gift." It
has drawn the attention of the fowler.

There should be a law forbidding juveniles to carry guns. There is this
+0 be said, these gun-bearing boys lessen their own numbers. Many a young
rascal will go into the woods and think he has done a clever thing if he has
brought down a Wakeup or a Tom-tit.

When a tree is found with Horn-tails affixed in the position I have men-
tioned, it may be known that that tree is doomed; it should be felled and
split up for stove-wood.

The proper and timely burning of brush-piles will do much to lessen the
numbers of insects. Brush should be burned, not when the ground is covered
with dry herbage and dead leaves, but when vegetation is lush and green, and
then the fire and smoke would destroy their thousands of insect pests.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 61

In Europe in former days foresters were men of standing and import-
ance. It seems to me that it would be a good thing if our Government would
appoint in every county in which lumbering operations are being carried on
and settlements made, Government foresters, intelligent men of high charac-
ter, allowing them such assistance as might be required. Their duties
should be to preserve the game, destroy the wolves, regulate the burning of
the debris of the lumber camps and clearings, see to the due observance of
forest laws, and generally to conserve woodland interests.

I think that such officers would have many important duties to perform
and that their life would be full of interest and attraction.

THE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THE CANADIAN

ENTOMOLOGIST.

Eev. Thomas W. Fyles, D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, Quebec.

The youthful entomologist in England, in the forties and fifties of last
century, was a privileged person — he enjoyed many advantages. Kirby
and Spence were both living in the earlier half of the period mentioned.
Kirby died on the 4th of July, 1850. In 1856 Spence brought out a cheap
edition of the "Introduction to Entomology," and, in four years, 10,000
copies of the work were sold. This work did more than any other to popu-
larize the study of entomology.

Those were the days of Newman, Stainton, Waterhouse, Douglas, West-
wood, Morris, Wollaston, Wilkinson, and other lights. Van Voorst was
publishing works on Natural History. Newman was carrying on the "Zoo-
logist," and Stainton the "Weekly Intelligencer." There was an abun-
dance of cheap yet valuable literature for the rising entomologist.

The comparatively small extent of the British Islands brought the
number of species — say of the Lepidoptera — within the mental grasp of
the diligent student. How different is it with us now, on this vast continent
of North America ! A crown-octavo volume of 723 pages is now required,
for a mere list of the Lepidoptera with its index.

England in those days was a very paradise for entomologists. The
plantations and hazel-copses for the preservation of the game, the open
woods of —

.... "tall ancestral trees
O'er all the pleasant land,"

the withy-gores, the fens, the moors were all famous hunting-grounds.

It was a privilege to take part in an "outing" at some appointed place.
To wander along the forest paths alive with Marbled Whites and Silver-
washed Fritillaries, till the waving nets shewed the spot where the Entomol-
ogists were gatiiered together. The excitement of the chase, the refection
in the shade of the trees, the pleasant conversation, the comparison of
captures, were things to be remembered. So were the multitudinous voices
of the birds that made the woodland ring. England is rich in Song-birds;
and linnets, goldfinches, bulfinches, yellowhammers, black-caps, white-
throats, robins, blackbirds, thrushes, and others, seemed to greet the wood-
land visitors in one full tide of song.

62 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

I remember an effusion that I sent to the "Weekly Intelligencer," after
such an outing. It ran : —

"Come to the wild woods, come away,
Now the sun is bright in the month of May.
And the mated birds, in boist'rous glee,
Fill the wide heavens with harmony ;
Now the breezes shake the hyacinth bells.
And the pale anemone whitens the dells,
And young leaves whisper soothingly.
And all is joy and light and love —
For the azure heaven is smiling above,
And the green earth laughs for sympathy.
Come where the Hair-streak* flutters by
Like a living leaf; where the butterflyf
^ Whose snowy wings are dash'd with green,

And with rich orange tipp'd, is seen;
Where the Chequer'd Skipper, + as you tread,
Springs lightly from his grassy bed;
And Clouded-border Moths § unfold
Their tender wings of speckled gold';
Where Fuciformis quivers round
The stems with honeysuckle bound ;
And, like a fragment from the sky.
Sweet A lexis gambols by ;
Where Falcrda, whose hooked wings
Have eye-like spots, to the birch leaf clings;
While near it, where the catkins play, ^

Papilionaria larvse stray,
Mid forms like their own safe to be
From prowling Ichneumonidce,
From the busy tit that twitters near,
And other foes they have to fear.
■Oh, come to the wild woods, come away.
Now the sun is bright, in the month of May I
Come, for a thousand sights shall cheer
Your eye — a thousand sounds your ear I"

In Canada the brethren of the net are too widely scattered, the claims
of business are too urgent, the mosquitoes too troublesome for such gather-
ings to be very frequent, very numerously attended, or very thoroughly
enjoyable.

But, notwithstanding, the sugar-woods, the intervales, the neglected
bottom lands of this country, the orchards, where the owners are better
farmers than fruit growers, are all fine hunting-grounds. *

On the 16th of August I discovered an undrained hollow in which was
a thick growth of dwarf willows, sedges and flags. It was richly bordered
with asters, Joe Pye Weed and Golden Eod, in full bloom. The multitude
of insects clustering about the flower heads was truly astonishing. The
Painted Ladies were much in evidence. Pamphila Manit&ba was there;
and there was a great show of Humble-bees, wasps, ichneumons, dragon-
flies, flower-flies, etc. I spent a very profitable hour amongst them.

Bombyces were scarce in the collections of former days. We have an
advantage now that was undreamed of when I was a boy, viz., the electric
light. Many of the gems of our collections have been taken at this light.
So late as the beginning of this month (October, 1905), I was passing by a
A^arehouse on the Louise embankment late at night, when I saw, under an
arc-light, a fine specimen of Lophodonta ferruginea, Pack, and one of
Charadra deridens, Gn. I had no cyanide bottle, nor chip boxes, with me;

*Thecla ruhi. XThymele alveolus.

^Anthocharis cardaminet. iVenilia maculata.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 63

but the specimens were near together; and I swept them into my hat, and
clapt it quickly upon my head. They were fidgety for a while, but soon
quieted down and went to sleep ; and on reaching home I transferred them to
the cyanide-bottle.

Speaking of the cyanide-bottle : how great an improvement its use is to
the old method of killing insects. Many a man, in the days I have spoken
of, fixed a sheet of cork in the crown of his hat, and a supply of pins in the
lapels of his coat ; nipped his captures smartly under the wings with the tips
of his thumb and fore-finger; pinned them ready for setting, and then stowed
them away in his hat.

My own plan was to carry a small vial of chloroform and a few pieces of
twine about two inches long in my vest pocket, and a few nests of chip-boxes
in a special pocket of my coat. When I had boxed a specimen 1 slipped in
one of the pieces of twine wet with the chloroform, to send it to sleep ; and
when I reached home I gave it its final quietus by piercing it under the
wings with a steel pen dipped in a solution of oxalic acid. I found this a
good plan, and I often make use of it still.

Before the cyanide-bottle was fairly established, men tried various ex-
pedients, — bruised laurel-leaves, formic acid, etc. One entomologist advo-
cated, in doggerel verse, a new agent: —

"An agent nothing can surpass,
Will insects instant kill,
For preservation, too, as well.
This wondrous agent let me tell, —
Five drops, or ten, of nothing but
Essential oil of cajeput."

W. H.

There are many advantages now open to the Canadian entomologist, for
which he may consider himself highly favored. There is the great advan-
tage of having so able and obliging a scientist as Dr. James Fletcher of the
Department of Agriculture, to consult in his difficulties — one from whom he
may feel sure of receiving a courteous reply to his enquiries, and valuable
information.

Again, the privilege is open to him of membership in the Entomological
Society of Ontario, either directly with the parent stem, or through one of
its branches. And in this connection, I congratulate Professor Sherman and
the members of the newly-formed Branch in Guelph. One of the helps they
will receive in their studies will be the receipt monthly of the Canadian
Entomologist, a publication in which Dr. Charles J. S. Bethune has built,
and is still building — and long may he continue to build — a monument that
will preserve his name as long as entomologists shall be found in Canada —
which I trust will be till the end of time.

The annual meetings of the Society, present opportunities to be highly
prized. "Like as iron sharpeneth iron, so doth the countenance of a man his
friend;" and we cannot attend the meetings of this Society without feeling
encouraged and stimulated.

A meeting that will be remembered with special pleasure is this pre-
sent gathering. The noble institution in which we are assembled, and its
beautiful surroundings ; the kindness of Principal Creelman and the mem-
bers of his staff; the presence with us of Professor J. B. Smith; his wonder-
ful description of the mosquito and its habits, so beautifully illustrated, will
all afford us delightful reflections.

64 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Who amongst us has not known Professor Smith by his works? It is
good, now, to look upon his face, and listen to his voice, and feel the warm
grasp of his hand.

I made the acquaintance of the mosquito years ago, off Anticosti. I
saw the little brute alight upon my hand, and I watched it swell and change
color from grey to crimson, with some amusement; but the results taught
me that such pleasures could not be indulged in with impunity. Neverthe-
less, as I listened to Professor Smith last night, I almost longed to be wad-
ing knee-deep in those delightful swamps he showed us, and assisting those
worthy fellows who were bagging the peddlers of malaria and yellow fever.

Lastly, what advantages the modern student has in the number of ad-
mirable works, upon every branch of entomology, that have appeared of late
years. Among them are Harris's Insects Injurious to Vegetation, Packard's
Guide, Saunders' Insects Injurious to Fruits, Smith's Insects of New Jer-
sey, Ashmead's Proctotrypidae, Holland's Butterfly and Moth Books, How-
ard's Insect Book, Edwards' and Scudder's respective works, the valuable
series of Bulletins issued from "Washington, Albany, and other points of ob-
servation, not omitting Ottawa.

May the Entomological Society of Ontario flourish ! May its new
Branch, the Guelph Branch, bourgeon, and blossom, and bring forth fruit
to the benefit of the general community, and for many a day !

ORTHOPTEEA AND ODONATA EEOM ALGONQUIN PARK, ONT.
By E. M. Walker, B.A., M.B., Toronto.

The following list of Orthoptera and Odonata is based chiefly upon col-
lections made by the writer during two canoe trips in Algonquin Park, and
the vicinity of Dwight, a few miles to the south-west of the Park limits.
The first trip was made during the second and third weeks of August, 1902,
while the second occupied the latter half of the same month in 1903. To
the list of Odonata are added the names of a number of species taken by
Prof. John Macoun in July, 1900, and also those of many specimens, especi-
ally nymph exuviae, collected by Mr. Paul Hahn during August, 1904.

I wish to express my thanks to Prof. J. G. Needham for his kindness in
determining some of the more difficult species of Odonata.

As August is rather late for most Dragonflies, although it is the height
of the season for Orthoptera, the list of the former is by no means a repre-
sentative one, but will give some idea of the dragonfly fauna of the region.
It probably contains less than two-thirds of the number of species native to
the district, whereas the list of Orthoptera doubtless includes more than
three-fourths of the total number of species to be found there.

The country traversed is an ideal one for dragonflies, abounding in lakes
and streams, which vary in their course from the most placid weed-grown
reaches to the swiftest rapid. The north branch of the Muskoka Eiver,
which was our chief highway in both trips, is a very characteristic stream.
In some parts of its course its surface is perfectly smooth for miles at a
stretch, the shore low and fringed with alders, with a background of

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 65

luxuriant balsams and spruce ; in the other parts there are rocky, turbulent
rapids, and the banks are much higher with a much more varied vegetation.
In other places, again, the rapids are smoother and shallower, with gravelly
bottoms, and there are steep sandbanks on either side. Each kind of locality
has its peculiar species of dragonflies, more species apparently being found
about the gentle rapids than elsewhere.

Algonquin Park, which covers an area of about 1,600 square miles just
north of the Muskoka District, lies at the extreme northern limits of the
Transition life zone as it passes into the Boreal zone. Many forms of plant
and animal life found within its limits do not belong to the Boreal zone in
a restricted sense, but on the whole the flora and fauna are of a Boreal type.
In the partly cleared and cultivated country in the vicinity of Dwight, lying
to the south-west of the Park limits, several species of insects belonging to
the Transition and Austral zones were met with, which did not appear
within the Park limits. Among these are the following Orthoptera :

Spharagemon Bolli, Scudd. A single male of average size was taken
at Dwight. This locust belongs to the Austral and warmer parts of the
Transition zones, and becomes smaller in the northern part of its range. It
is abundant and of large size in the Austral strip along Lake Erie, but be-
comes smaller and scarcer at Sarnia and Toronto, north of which I have
never before taken it, except a single female from Peterboro' County.

Mecostethus linefLtus, Scudd. This species was found among the sedge
bordering a small lake in a brule near Dwight. It belongs to the Transition
and northern parts of the Upper Austral zones, and is replaced in the Boreal
by its ally, M. gracilis, Scudd., whose range in Ontario overlaps that of
lineaUis considerably, as it extends southward to the watershed between
Lake Simcoe and Lake Ontario. M. gracilis was not found in the Park, but
doubtless occurs there.

OrchelimuTn vulgare, Harr. This grasshopper was found in small num-
bers in the fields about Dwight, but did not appear in the Park, nor could
I find it at North Bay, Lake Nipissing, in September, 1900, although the
proper surroundings apart from the northern latitude were apparently often
met with. This species and Co7iocephalus ensiger, Harr., are enumerated by
Scudder among the Alpine Orthoptera of the White Mountains (Appalachia,
VIII,, No. IV., p. 19). Their range seems to stop short of the Boreal zone
in Ontario and I found the same to be true in Quebec.

Scudderia furcata, Brunn. A single male was taken near Dwight. It
ranges at least as far north as Lake Nipissing, but I doubt its being a truly
Boreal form. It is much commoner southwards.

Except the above species, all of which were taken near Dwight, outside
the Park limits, and possibly another (Nemobius palustris, Bl.), whose
range is not yet well enough known, all the Orthoptera in the list are in-
habitants of the Boreal zone. N. palustris has elsewhere been taken only in
the peat bogs of Northern Indi-ana, where several northern Orthoptera occur.

Of the Odonata, the comparatively large number of Cordulinse, despite
the fact that their season was practically over, testifies to the Boreal charac-
ter of the dragonfly fauna. Most of these Cordulinse are represented by
nymphal exuviae .only. But one dragonfly, Celithernis elisa, Hagen, taken
near Dwight, did not appear within the Park limits. I have never before
seen it so far north. It is fairly common in the Austral and lower part of
the Transition zones in Ontario.

The absence of Libelhilm I do not regard as significant of anything but
the rather late season in which most of the collecting was done, and the char-
acter of the bodies of water met with.

5 ENTO.

66 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Orthoptera.
Acridiidse. —

1. Tetti.r granulatus (Kirby). Common in damp places in woods.

2. Tettix acadicus (Scudd.). Several specimens of what seems to be this
species were taken beside a lumber road through a hardwood forest, August
20, 1902.

3. Tettix Handcochi, Morse. A number of long-winged examples taken
from a patch of wild strawberry, lichens and short grass growing on sandy
soil in a bushy field, September 2, 1902.

4. Tettigidea parvipeinnis (Harr.). Immature specimens were found on
low marshy parts of the river shore.

5. Chlcealtis conspersa, Harr. Common in the drier parts of open
woods.

6. Stenobothrus curtipennis (Harr.). Very abundant in low places wher-
ever long grass occurred.

7. Mecostethus lineatus (Scudd.). A few were found flying about the
sedge bordering a small lake near Dwight, August 23, 1903.

8. Chortophaga mridifasciata (De Geer). Young nymphs were found on
the grassy hillsides near Dwight.

9. Cannnula pellucida (Scudd.). Common everywhere in dry, open places
in the woods and in clearings

10. Dissosteira Carolina (L.). Common about Dwight and occasionally
seen in clearings in the Park.

11. Sp)liaragemon BolJi, Scudd. One male from a dry, grassy hillside
at Dwight, August 23, 1903.

12. Circotettix verruculatus (Kirby). Common in clearings in the Park
and on sandy beach at Dwight.

13. Podisma glaciaJis Canadensis (Scudd.) Walk. A common and very
characteristic species, found on bushes in open woods. The specimens are
smaller than those taken at North Bay on September 12, 1900, and approach
the race variegata more closely.

14. MeJanoplus Bruneri, Scudd. This species was found in consider-
able numbers in two or threq limited areas near Dwight. They were found
on patches of short grass and strawberries on sandy soil. September 2, 1902,
one male. August 10, 1903, many specimens.

This is a western form, occurring with two or three closely allied species
in the Boreal zone of the Rocky Mountain region from Alberta to New Mex-
ico.

In my List of Ontario Acridiidae I determined it somewhat doubtfiilly
as Brune(/'i from a single male, but in 1903 a number of specimens were taken
and I have since been able to compare them with Scudder's types of Bmin-
eri. In these the pronotum is slightly narrower and more elongate than in
the majority of my specimens, but the distinction does not hold good
throughout the series and there seem to be no other characters of sufficient
importance to justify the creation of a new species for my specimens. They
are considerably larger than the few in the Scudder collection except one
male from New Mexico.

M. Bruneri is probably a Boreal form extending across the plains or to
the north of them.

15. MeJanoplus atlanis (Riley). Abundant in the open sandy country
about Dwight, and generally common in clearings.

16. MeJanoplus islandicus, Bl. Common in paths and openings in
woods everywhere. A very characteristic sylvan species often associated
with P. glacialis canadensis.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 67

17. Melanoplus fasciatus (Walk.). A few were taken in open woods at
Whisky Falls, North. River, and it was occasionally met with elsewhere, but
not commonly.

18. Melanoplus femur-ruhruTn (De G.). Common in open, grassy clear-
ings and in open marshes.

19. Meilanoplus luridus (Dodge). Abundant on dry hillsides and scrubby
fields, on sandy soil near Dwight, and occasionally seen in clearings in the
Park.

There seems to be no doubt that M. collinus, Scudd, and luridus are
synonymous.

20. Melanoplus bivittatus femoratus (Burm.). Common everywhere in
rank grass in low places.

Locustidse. —

21. Scudderia furcata, Brunn. Dwight, August 23, 1903, one male.

22. Scudderia pistillata, Brunn. Common on bushes in open woods in
the Park. Our most characteristically Boreal Locustid.

23. Orchelimuni vulgare, Harr. A single male was taken and a few
others heard shrilling in clumps of tall grass in fields about Dwight.

24. Xiphidium fasciatum (De G.). Very common in open, grassy places
everywhere.

25. Xiphidium brevipenne, Scudd. In rank grassy places, not very
common. None were found at North Bay.

26. Ceuthophilus paUidipes, Walk. A great deal of careful searching
was done for Ceuthophili, but not a single individual was found during the
first canoe trip. On August 20, 1903, however, a nearly full-grown male of
this species was found under a rotten log at Ragged Lake. A few very
young Ceuthophili were also observed beneath stones beside a lumber road.

Gryllidse. —

27. Gryllus pemisylvanicus, Burm. This species occurred sparingly
throughout the Park.

28. Gryllus abbreviatus, Serv. Small-sized specimens were common in
the fields about Dwight. I am still doubtful about the separation of these
small northern individuals from pennsylvanicus, but they seem to pass
through every gradation into the typical large abbreviatus of the Austral
zone.

29. Nemobius fasciatus (De G.). Common everywhere in open grassy
places. The small black variety, abortivus Caudell, was often met with in
the Park.

30. Nemobius augusticollis, Walk. This species, by an oversight, was
not collected, but its shrilling, which is easily recognizable when once
known, was often heard along the banks of the North River. Unless abund-
ant, it is very difficult to find. It is a common northern species.

31. Nemobius palustris, Bl. On August 18, 1903, I found this little
cricket in considerable numbers in a floating sphagnum bog at the mouth
of a creek flowing into Ragged Lake. (See Can. Ent. XXVI., 1904, 185.)
It was the only Orthopterous insect found in the bog, except a few Melano-
plus fcflnur-rubruTn in the more solid parts.

32. (Ecanthus fasciatus, Fitch. Common on bushes and tall herbaceous
plants in open places.

Odonata.
Zygoptera. —

Calopterygidse. —

1. Calopteryx maculata (Beauv.). Common on the river, flying along
the shore amid the luxuriant vegetation.

68 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

2. Calojyteryw aequahilis, Say. In 1902 I saw four or five of this species
along the river, but captured only one, a male. In 1903 nine were seen.
Among Prof. Macoun's specimens there are two fresh males dated July 6th
and 26th, 1900. They are probably much commoner at that season.

Agrionidae. —

3. Lestes congener, Hagen. Common in open woods and marshes.

4. Lestes uncata, Kirby. A single male from the North River, dated
August 13, 1903.

5. Lestes forcipata, Rambur. Two males from the North River, August
13, 14, 1903.

6. Lestes rectangularis, Say. Common in swamps and open woods. It
was common in an open sphagnum bog at the mouth of a creek emptying
into Ragged Lake. They were associated with Ischnura verticalis and ten-
eral examples of SympetruTn vicinum.

7. Argia putrida (Hagen). A number of specimens were taken by Mr.
Hahn from July 15th to 21st, 1903, and ]904, I have also a badly broken
teneral specimen taken by Prof. Macoun, July 6, 1900.

8. Argia violacea (Hagen). A pair were taken at Smoke Lake, August
17, 1903.

9. EnaUagrna Hageni (Walsh). Very common in open marshes and fly-
ing over the river in the smooth parts.

10. Enallagma ebrium (Hagen). One male taken by Mr. Hahn.

11. Enallagma exsulans (Hagen). A pair from Little Joe Creek, taken
in coitu, August 29, 1902. Another male taken by Mr. Hahn in 1903.

12. Ischnura verticalis, Say. Common in marshy places bordering
lakes and streams.

Anisoptera. —

-^schnidae. —

13. OphiogoTnphus rupi7is^ilensis, Walsh. This fine green species was
quite common on the river, flying over the shallower rapids and frequently
settling on the exposed pebbles.

14. Hagenius hrevistyhts, Selj^s. Four males, all somewhat worn, were
captured along the river. Two were taken by Mr. Hahn with one sweep of
the net while flying over the water, August 22, 1903. Another was taken
while resting in a path in the woods close to the river, August 20, 1903. In
addition to these two nymph exuviae were found on the rocks on the shore of
Oxtongue Lake, August 10, 1903.

15. Lanthus alhistylus (Selys). This dainty little Gomphine was fairly
numerous locally over rapids. They were difficult to approach and only one
male was taken (August 10, 1903).

16. Gomphus brevis, Hagen. A worn female was captured on the river
at Whisky Falls, August 20, 1903, and a few minutes afterwards a male, also
worn, was taken at nearly the same spot. Two nymph skins were found on
the logs of a timber slide at the upper end of Ragged Lake.

17. GoTnjjhus exilis, Selys. This nymph skin was found on the timber
slide at Ragged Lake. Several others were found by Mr. Hahn on a log hut
at the edge of Smoke Lake.

18. Gomphus Scudderi, Selys. This striking species was common on
certain parts of the river, usually where there was a considerable current,
but where the water was fairly deep. It was not so often seen over the swift
rapids. They ,were usually moving along slowly with swiftly vibrating
wings, every now and then making a dash to another spot. They would

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 69

sometimes alight on the canoe. Only one female wa3 taken, but quite a
number of males.

19. Gomphus plagiatus, Selj^s. A nymphal skin was found on a muddy
part of tlie river shore just below a rapid.

20. Bpyeria vinosa (Say). This was the most abundant of all the larger
dragonflies along the river, but was never seen away from the water. It was
most common on the smoother parts and had the curious habit of following
the canoe, sometimes hovering close to the gunwale. A few nymphal skins
were found by Mr. Hahn.

21. zEschna constricta, Say. A male was taken on Little Joe Creek,
August 29, 1902, a pair from the North River, August 14, 1903, and a few
females at Dwight, August 23, 1903. Much less common than the next
species.

22. j^schna clepsydra, Say. The commonest ^schna in this locality;
plentiful in openings in the coniferous woods, frequently settling on the
trunks and branches of the spruce trees and balsams. A female was taken
while ovipositing. She was resting on the edge of the shore with the end of
the abdomen immersed in the water among a few aquatic plants.

23. zEschna verticalis, Hagen. Associated with the preceding, but
apparently less numerous. A number of ^schna exuviae were found by
Mr. Hahn, but it is not known to what species they belong.

Libellulidse. —

24. Macroraia Illinoiensis, Walsh. A nymphal skin was found by Mr.
Hahn. The imagoes were occasionally seen patrolling the river, but would
swoop past the canoe and disappear so quickly that it was quite useless to
attempt their capture.

25. Didymops transversa (Say). A nymphal exuvia was found on the
rocky shore of Oxtongue Lake, some yards from the water. Several others
were found by Mr. Hahn along the river.

26. NeurocorduJia (sp.). About a dozen exuviae were found upon the
side of a timber slide at the upper end of E-agged Lake, August 17, 1903,
They were mostly from two to four feet from the ground, of which there was
a narrow strip between the timber slide and the water. Another was found
by Mr. Hahn at Canoe Lake.

Prof, Needham, to whom I sent one of the skins, says they do not belong
to N . obsoleta (Say), the only species of Neurocordulia which has been bred,
and may be N. Y amashanejisis (Pro.), which occurs in Quebec.

27. Epicordulia princeps, Hagen, A single nymphal exuvia was found
by Mr. Hahn.

28. Tetragoneuria semiaquea, Burm. One male taken by Prof. Ma-
coun, July 6, 1900. I found the exuviae in considerable numbers on the tim-
bers of a log hut at the lower end of Smoke Lake. The hut was built on the
shore of a shallow bay connected with the main body of the lake by a rather
narrow passage. The bay was full of pond-weed (Brasenia peltata), and
other aquatic plants and was doubtless a fine breeding-ground for Odonata.
Skins of HelocorduJia Uhleri and Gomphus exiJis were also found on the hut.

29. Tetragoneuria cynosura (Say). Skins of this species, according to
the distinctions given by Prof. Needham, were also found.

30. Tetragoneuria spinigera (Selys). Two exuvia of this genus with the
lateral spines of the ninth segment considerably more divergent than the
others probably belong here.

31 Helocordulia Uhleri (Selys). Two exuviae taken from the log hut on
Smoke Lake and a number from Canoe Lake.

70 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

32. SomatocMora elongata, Scudd. Two males were taken, one at the
marshy bay at the lower end of Smoke Lake, August 17, 1903, the other
from a lumber road which runs through the woods close to the North E,iver,
August 20, 1903. Many others were seen flying over the river and in the
woods, but they are almost hopeless to catch, as they fly very high.

33. Somatochlora jorciyata (Scudd.). A male of this rare species was
taken by Prof. Macoun, July 15, 1900.

34. Cordulia ShurtJeffi,, Scudd. A single nymphal skin was found by
Mr. Hahn upon a boat-house on Canoe Lake, August 15, 1904.

35. Celithennis elisa (Hagen). A single fresh male was captured at
Dwight by Mr. Hahn, August 23, 1903.

36. Leucoshinia frigida (Hagen). Two females, taken by Prof. Macoun
at Catfish Lake, Ji'Jy 26, 1900.

37. Syrrvpetruin vicinmn (Hagen). Yery common at Dwight on Septem-
ber 2, 1902, and in the cranberry bog at Ragged Lake. Also seen occasion-
ally in other marshy places. Many of the specimens seen were tenerals.

38. SympetruTn semicinctum (Say). Four males and one female taken
by Prof. Macoun, July 23 and 25, 1900. Three of these are labelled Catfish
Lake. I found them quite numerous at one spot on the upper end of Pagged
Lake near the timber slide (August 17, 1903). I also saw one on Little Joe
Creek. They seem to be local.

39. SympetruTn ruhicundulum (Say). Very abundant everywhere. A
number were taken by Prof. Macoun in July.

40. Sympetrum obtrusum (Hagen). Very common everywhere. I took
more examples of this species than the preceding, but in Prof. Macoun's
series there are more of ruhicundulum.

41. Ladona Julia, LThler. A male was taken by Prof. Macoun,. July 5,
1900.

BUTTEEFLY COLLECTING IN CANADA, 1904.
By Mrs. Nicholl, Bridgend, South Wales.

I will not weary you with a long account of my last year's collection of
butterflies, because the insects that I brought home do not represent, even
tolerably, the Lepidoptera of British Columbia.

I hope to return there next summer and to collect in the south-west
corner of the Province, and also, if possible, to explore the north-western
part of Washington Territory at the head of Lake Chelan, including a part
of the Cascade Pange. I believe that the ''dry belt" of British Columbia,
sometimes known as the Rattlesnake Belt, comprising the district south of
Lake Okanagan and Arrow Lake, is perhaps the extreme northern limit of
many southern species — which would be met with in typical perfection south
of the boundary line. Arriving at Montreal May 22nd, I went direct to
Ottawa. Here I had the pleasure of making acquaintance with the well-
known Canadian entomologist. Dr. Fletcher, of the Government Central
Experimental Farm, whose kind advice and assistance I found invaluable.
He provided me with all the maps extant of British Columbia, gave me sev-
eral introductions, and further, entertained me with a delightful day's col-
lecting in the lovely Canadian woodlands near Ottawa. The season was late
and we only took eight species of butterflies on the 24th of May, although the
weather was perfect. I next went westwards to Calgary, situated amid the
lowest foothills of the Pockies, and Mr. Wolley Dod hospitably entertained
me at his ranch, 18 miles south-west of Calgary. Here I spent two days very

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 71

agreeably, and was much interested by Mr. Wolley Dod's fine collection of
local motbs and butterflies. But tbe weatber was unfavorable, and I caught
very few insects. I failed to get the local prize, Chionobas {(Eneis) Alberta,
which has, of late years, become very scarce. It formerly swarmed all
around Calgary. I took Ch. varuna, E. discoidalis, and a few other insects.
My next halt was at Banff, where I had a fine day and secured good speci-
mens of Brenthis Freija and B. frigga, besides one solitary Euchloe creusa
which I never met with anywhere else. I also got a last ragged straggler of
Thecla eryphon high up among the pines.

June 4th found me at Victoria, where I remained for two days, and had
rather indifferent weather. I here took Papilio eurymedon, P. rutulus, and
Basilarchia Lorquinii, besides a few less remarkable butterflies. The woods
swarmed with Cyaniris pseudargiolus. I took a great number, but all much
rubbed.

June 7th, I went to pay a visit at a ranch on the mainland two miles
north of the boundary line and about three miles from the sea. Here, again,
weather was indifferent, but I was lucky enough to take Parnassius clodius,
Papilio zolicaon (the only one I ever met with), and Phyciodes pratensis var
Orseis.

Taking the C.P.R. eastwards from New Westminster, I went to Sica-
mous, and thence by rail and steamer down the hundred-mile-long Lake
Okanagan to Penticton, where I came into the "dry belt," and found glori-
ous weather. South of the Okanagan, Arrow and Kootenay Lakes, I spent
the remainder of June, and caught a great many butterflies; of which the
best is Erebia Yidleri— hitherto supposed to be peculiar to Mt. Cheam, on
the Eraser — appearing in August. I did not know what it was when I took
it in the valley of the Upper Keremeos, about twenty miles south-west of
Penticton and over one hundred miles south-east from Mt. Cheam, at an ele-
vation of 4,000 feet, in mid-June.

Holland does not mention the species at all, and I did not appreciate my
good fortune and wait for the female to appear, as I expected to find it again
elsewhere. In the Upper Keremeos I also took Chrys, zeroe, Lyceena sagit-
tigera, and one ragged specimen of Thecla spinetorum, whilst higher up
Brenthis frigga and B. freija were abundant. Close to the boundary, south
of the mining town of Greenwood, Colias Alexandra v. Emilia was very
common, and the same grassy slopes produced numbers of the lovely L. Ac-
mon, L. heteronea and Melitsea chalcedon. On the mountain above Green-
wood I again took P. clodius — perhaps at its most eastern limit. Near Nel-
son I took V. California, Thecla ssepium, and other interesting butterflies.
From Nelson I went up Lake Kootenay to Kaslo, where I arrived June 30th,
and found good quarters in the excellent hotel of a very keen entomologist —
Mr. Cockle. I remained in this district for a week. Colias interior was
probably my best catch. I also got a great many Argynnis, all of three
species, Monticola, Atlantis, Eurynome and var. Clio, showing considerable
variation; 2 specimens of Lycaena anna, and one high mountain Lycsena,
which Mr. Cockle considered to be Podarce, but I fail to see any difference
between that specimen and the series which I took, later on, at Lake Louise,
and which Mr. Elwes pronounces to be Aquilo.

Mr. Cockle has a good collection of local Lepidoptera, and sent home by
me some rare and interesting insects for the collection at the British Natural
History Museum.

On July 11th, I went to Glacier, in the Selkirks, 4,000 feet above the
sea. The weather was tolerable, but there were very few butterflies about, a
few Brenthis epithore and Pamphila mandan — the American name for C.
Palapmon), being all that I saw in two days.

72 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

On the 14tli July I met Mr. Wolley Dod at Lake Louise, where there is
a beautifully situated Biountaiu hotel (altitude 6,000 feet) two miles from
Laggan. Here we spent a week, of which the first four days were dull, cold,
and miserable, with very occasional gleams of sun and frequent storms of
hail and sleet; then came three days of perfect weather, such as the moun-
taineer and butterfly hunter dreams of for years afterwards. We made the
best of our luck. B. astarte, B. alberta, Ch. Beani, Chrys. Snowi, Lycsena
aquilo (Orbitulus var Franklini), Colias elis, C. nastes, and others, filled our
boxes to overflowing.

On the 25tli, Mr. Wolley Dod returned home, and I went into camp at
Hector, just at the summit of Kicking Horse Pass (5,190 feet). I spent the
remainder of the summer camping in the Rockies.

I thoroughly worked the Lake O'Hara district, on the south-western side
of the great mountains whose northern precipices enshrine Lake Louise and
her sister lakes. Then, returning eastwards to Banff, I went three days'
march (about fifty miles) south-westwards to Mt. Assiniboine, a splendid
peak 11,800 feet high, just west of the Divide, and the southernmost outlier
of the glacier fields of the northern Rockies. Here I spent five days, in fine
weather, though the nights were frosty, and then a week's march brought
me to Field, and I encamped at Emerald Lake, about eight miles north of
Field, and well on the western slope of the Divide. Here we were close to
the Yoho Yalley, where there is a National Park reserve and splendid scen-
ery. It was August 19th, when three days of bad weather set in, which de-
layed me, and killed the butterflies. For although we afterwards had five
splendid days in the Toho, and made excursions right on to the great Wah-
putek glacier, I caught very little. A battered B. astarte, a much-worn B.
alberta, a few Colias minismi, and several fresh Grapta zephyrus were all
my captures.

I greatly regret my late arrival in the Yoho, as I believe that earlier in
the season I might have found different insects to those I caught on the sum-
mit and eastern side of the Divide. Prof. Macoun, the celebrated botanist,
told me that during two days' plant collecting around Field he gathered no
less than forty-two species of plants which do not grow east of the Kicking
Horse Pass, and the same variety might probably occur among the Lepidop-
tera.

Around Lake Louise, Lake O'Hara, and Lake McArthur, all high Alpine
lakes, surrounded by glacier mountains, I took much the same butterflies,
more or less commonly. Mt. Assiniboine afforded some variety. I took
Parnassus smintheus var. Behri only at Simpson's River, about twenty miles
north of Assiniboine, in a steep gorge with rock faces, above tree level. B.
amphirape (or myrina) swarmed on the wet ground near Lake Assiniboine.
Everywhere Brenthis astarte was to be seen (though not generally to be
caught) on every rocky peak over 8,000 feet, and Brenthis alberta was equally
well distributed at a rather lower level. With Astarte, on the highest sum-
mits, Ch. Beani was invariably abundant, and Chrys. Snowi shared the
haunts of Alberta, only it was rather less .common. Ly. aquilo was to be
had still lower down, rather local, but very common where it occurred. It
fairly swarmed on the damp path at the head of Lake Louise, and on a warm
and very steep slope above Lake O'Hara. Colias minismi was very common
everywhere on grassy slopes from 5,500 feet to 6,500 feet, whilst the beauti-
ful orange Elis was less abundant and flew at a higher level. C. nastes was
very common, on all the highest grass, and varied a good deal. The speci-
mens I took on Mt. Assiniboine were generally paler than those from the
more northern mountains. Melitea anicia var Beani and a small mountain
form of probably M. rubicunda, occurred on all the higher slopes of Lake

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 73

Louise and Hector district. Cliionobas Cliryxus was also plentiful every-
where. Cli. jutta only at Lake Louise and in Lake O'Hara valley, half way
down.

On the 29th of August I left camp and started homewards. I had one
day at Banff, where I got V. antiopa, just out of chrysalis, and Colias Chris-
tina — ;^very common, but considerably the worse for wear. Then I had one
day at Ottawa, and half a day at Montreal, which concluded a most agree-
able expedition. But the only district that I thoroughly worked, and where
I got most of the insects that were to be had, is the central chain of the
Eockies, on both sides of the Kicking Horse Pass.

I cannot conclude without expressing my acknowledgments to Dr.
Fletcher of Ottawa, Mr. Wolley Dod of Calgary, Mr. Wheeler (C.P.R.
Survey), and Mr, Cockle of Kaslo, for the great kindness and attention they
showed me. And I must also make mention of James Simpson, my guide
and packer, who ran my camp, took care of me, and helped me to catch but-
terflies. I never saw a better man with the net nor one with a quicker eye for
any variation in an insect, and I can honestly recommend him to any ento-
mologist wishing to collect in the Rockies.

Catalogue of Butterflies Taken in Canada During 1904.

1. Parnassius clodius. Common on the Island of Vancouver, where I
was too early for it. I took it first on the Pacific coast early in June at sea
level, or but little above, and at Greenwood, about 200 miles inland, at the
end of June.

2. P. smintheus. This is the common representative of the genus
throughout the Pocky Mountains, It was common at low elevations all
through June, at Nelson and Greenwood, and at Kaslo in July. I took two
or three specimens of the fine dark female variety Hermodur. In August,
in a mountain gorge near Mt. Assiniboine, at a height of 7,000 feet, at
least, well above tree level, I found var. Behri just appearing (August 13th).
No females were then out, and I never met with the insect at Lake O'Hara,
or in the Yoho valley later in the month.

3. Papilio eurymedon. Common on the Pacific coast and eastwards as
far as Kaslo. In Vancouver Island it is very abundant.

4. P. rutulus. Common all through the west of British Columbia. Mr.
Wolley Dod does not appear to have taken it at Calgary.

5. P. gJaucus var. turnus. Not so common as Rutulus, but more widely
distributed. It was very common at Greenwood, near the boundary, in June.

6. P. zolicaon. One specimen only, close to the Pacific coast at the
boundary. It very nearly resembles Machaon, but Dr. Dyar gives Machaon
as a different species, represented in America by var. Alias Jca, taken m
Alaska only.

7. Pontia Occident aUs. Very common all through British Columbia on
the western slope of the Divide right down to the coast.

8. Var. calyce is the* high mountain form of occidentalis, and is much
paler on the under side, and the veins yellower.

9. P. rapce is an emigrant from Europe, and not a welcome one. This
was the first butterfly I caught on landing at Quebec in May. It is common
all through Canada to the Pacific.

10. P. napi. Another European emigrant, universally common but
nowhere destructive.

74 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

11. Synchloe creusa. Of this insect I only took a solitary specimen at
Banff, June 2nd. It was probably nearly over, and I saw no more of it. It
is taken on the Pacific coast and crosses the Divide at Banff. Mr. Wolley
Dod inclines to think that it merges into ausonides at Calgary. I consider
my specimen from Banff to be quite distinct.

12. S. ausonides. Widely distributed but nowhere common. I took one
or two specimens at Penticton, Greenwood, Kaslo, and Nelson, but never
found it plentiful anywhere. It is common at Calgary.

13. S. sara. Common all through the south-western districts of British
Columbia. I did not get either of its varieties. It does not occur at Calgary
and probably does not cross the Divide.

14. EuryTmis (Colias) Meadii var. EJis. Scattered rather sparingly over
all the high mountains of the main chain of the Rockies at an elevation of
6,500 to 7,500 feet. I took the greatest number on the steep slopes of a
mountain above Hector Lake. It also occurred at Lake Louise, Mt. Assini-
boine and mountains above Simpson E,iver.

15. E. eurytheTne var Keewaydin. Of this butterfly I only took two
specimens at Victoria, June 6th.

16. Var. eriphyle is the commonest Colias all through AVestern Canada.
I took it everywhere, and without any great variation. The beautiful orange
type of the species and var Ariadne I did not meet with. I also took two
in the Eraser Canyon in May, and a fine fresh one at Banff August 30th.

17. C. philodice is also very common and widely distributed. I never
took it at a high level, but it is the commonest butterfly at Montreal and
Ottawa in September. At Ottawa (September) a fine white female variety
was common.

18. E. Christina. At Banff only, where it was flying in plenty August
30th, but in very bad order, and the females far worse than the males. It
is common at Calgary.

19. E. alexandra. One specimen only, from Greenwood, near the bound-
ary.

20. . Very plentiful in the valley from Greenwood to Midway. It

also occurs through the whole of British Columbia south of Lake Okanagan.
The color of the under side is much yellower than in the type (Alexandra),
in which the under side is greenish and very pale. Dr. Rebel pronounces
the specimens I sent him to be Behri (Edwards), but in this opinion Mr.
Elwes does not agree (nor do I).

21. E. interior. I took it only at Kaslo, where it is not very common.
Mr. Wolley Dod takes it in some numbers at Calgary, where it flies among
the spruce in July, which is just where and when I took it at Kaslo.

22. E. peJidne var. Minismi (Elwes). This a very common butterfly
over the whole of the higher Rockies, flying from 5,000 to about 6,000 feet.
The females vary considerably, the white ones being commoner than the
yellow. It flies all through August. (Dr. Rebel pronounces this insect to
be not Pelidne, but STcinneri (Barnes), which he considers to be a good
species.)

23. E. nastes. Common at very high levels on every mountain I went
up in the whole chain of the Rockies. It varies considerably and I think
that those from Mt. Assiniboine, the most southern point at which I found
them, are paler and yellower than more northern specimens.

24. Euptoieta Claudia. One specimen only taken at Mt. Assiniboine in
August, close to the lake, at 5,000 feet or more. It is a southern butterfly,

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 75

but a wanderer. Mr. Wolley Dod has taken two at Calgary, and there is one
in the Banff museum.

25. Argynis cybele. Common all through the Atlantic States. Mine
were taken at Ottawa, in September. Mr, Wolley Dod gets it at Calgary,
but not commonly.

26. A. atlantis. Very common and widely distributed all through Brit-
ish Columbia. I took it at Kaslo, Greenwood and in the high Eockies below
tree level. Atlantis is very like Electa, which Mr. Wolley Dod takes, though
not commonly. I have no specimens of Atlantis from Calgary.

27. A. monticola. Widely distributed and common. I took it at every
place I visited from the third week in June till the end of August. The high
mountain specimens differ little from those at lower levels. It is a variable
species as to color and the silvering of the spots of the under side, but the
markings are the same in all that I have taken.

28. Var. purpurascens, which I took only near Greenwood and Nelson at
low levels. It is given by Holland as a variety of Zerene. Dyar gives it as
a variety of Monticola, with which its markings exactly coincide. I do not
possess Zerene.

29. A, coronis. I never took this species at all on the western side of the
Divide, but I believe that I got a battered individual at Banff, August 30th.
Those I have were all taken by Mr. Wolley Dod near Calgary, where it is
not uncommon. Very like Halcyone.

30. A. nevadensis. Widely distributed through the Rocky Mountains,
but I never saw it common except at Banff, where there were many, much
worn, August 30th. It ranges as high as tree level, but I never took it west
of the Divide. Common at Calgary.

31. A. nevadensis var. Meadii. One, June 18th, in the Upper Keremeos,
and one, much battered, at Mt. Assiniboine, August.

32. A. eurynome. Widely distributed, nowhere common. I took a fine
dark form in the Selkirks at about 8,000 feet. I also took a paler form at
Kaslo.

33. A. eurynome var. Clio. Also widely distributed and not common.
M-y high mountain specimens are all much paler than the Kaslo insects.

34. Brenthis myrina is the arnphirape of the Eastern Hemisphere. I
found it in swarms at Mt. Assiniboine in August, flying over the marshy
ground near the lake, which was formerly the basin of a great glacier. I
also took it by Lake Louise in July. Mr. Wolley Dod takes it commonly at
Calgary.

35. Brenthis chariclea. Very common everywhere in the Hockies among
brushwood. Common at Calgary.

36. Brenthis chariclea var. Boisduvalii, is apparently undistinguishable
from Chariclea, though Holland gives it as a separate species.

37. B. chariclea var. ohscurata. I have so called a remarkably dark fe-
male taken near Lake Assiniboine, very high up.

38. Brenthis fre^ija. Common in May at Calgary and Banff. Also took
it in mountain bogs near Lake Okanagan in June at 5,000 feet or more.

39. B. frigga. Common in bogs at Banff and Calgary, also took it near
Lake Okanagan in mountain bogs.

40. B. hellona. Common at Calgary, Ottawa, and generally west of the
Divide.

76 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

41. B. epithore. The Pacific form of Bellona. Common and generally
distributed. Flies at liigh elevations.

42. Brenthis alberta. Nowhere in great numbers, but widely distributed
over the higher peaks of the Rockies end of July and August. All the peaks
round Lake Louise and Lake O'Hara, Hector, Mt. Assiniboine, and head of
Toho valley, produced a few specimens (not always captured). I never saw
it below 7,500 feet.

43. Brenthis astarte is another very common butterfly, if you seek it on
the highest points not entirely snow-covered. It is very hard to catch, but
very unmistakable to the eye. It has an even wider range than Alberta, for
I saw it, without securing one, at Glacier Crest in the Selkirks. The males
haunt the summits, the females are to be found on the highest grassy slopes,
and are not very hard to stalk, when feasting on a flower.

44. LeTnonias (Melita'a) chalcedon. I took this fine insect only at Green-
wood and in the district south-west of Lake Okanagan.

45. L. anicia. The commonest of the family. I took it at nearlj^ every
place I visited. Penticton, Kaslo, Lake Louise and the Selkirks all produced
it in plenty; but Mr. Wolley Dod finds it rare at Calgary.

46. L. anicia var. Beani. A small and dusky high mountain form of
Anicia, not uncommon on the highest grass slopes about Lake Louise, Hector
and Lake O'Hara. I never saw it under 7,000 feet.

47. Lemonias nubigena. Two specimens only, from Pevelstoke, a very
hot place, 1,400 feet.

48. L. rubicunda. Another Californian insect, which extends into the
Rockies as far north as Hector and Lake Louise. I never took it commonly.
It may be so around Lake Okanagan in July.

49. L. palla. Common about Lake Okanagan, Greenwood and Kaslo in
June. I never took it in the Rockies, but Mr. Wolley Dod gave me a speci-
men from Red Deer, 100 miles north of Calgary. There the winter is re-
markably mild.

50. Phyciodes tharos. Very common at Nelson, Kaslo and Calgary. Did
not find it in the mountains.

51. Phyciodes pratensis. Universally common. A small mountain form
occurs at Hector, at 5,000 feet.

52. Phyciodes pratensis var. Orseis. Ranked as a species by Holland.
Probably the south-western form of type. I took mine on the Pacific coast.

53. Phyciodes camillus. Common at Greenwood and Penticton in June,
and I took one at Hector, at 5,500 feet, in July.

54. Psy erodes Tnylitta. In the Okanagan country in June. I took none
in the mountains or further eastwards,

55. Polygonia satyrus. At Victoria in June, and at Calgary in May, all
hibernated specimens.

56. Polygonia faunus. At Victoria only in June. Mr. "Wolley Dod re-
ports it from Calgary and Banff, but not commonly,

57. P. zephyrus. At Field, common in August, and at Banff.

58. P. gracilis. At Ottawa and Montreal only. It does not appear to
occur in British Columbia,

69. Polygonia areas var. silenus. Two specimens at Banff, August 30.
60. P. progne. One at Calgary, 31st May, one at Ottawa in May, and
several at Ottawa in September.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 77

61. Eugonia californica. Two fine fresh specimens at Bonnington Falls,
near Nelson, end of June.

62. Euvanessa antiopa. Just appearing at Banff in August. It is com-
mon all througli Canada and I took worn specimens in June in the Upper
Keremeos.

63. Aglais milberti. Very common all along the Pacific side of the Sel-
kirks, and I took it high up, 8,000 feet, above Glacier. I never saw it in the
Rockies, but it is common at Calgary.

64. Vanessa atalanta. One specimen only, in July, above Kaslo. I saw
one other at the same place; no others. It is very rare at Calgary.

65. Basilarchia archippus. One specimen only at Penticton, near the
river. I saw one other at the same place. It is an occasional visitor at Cal-
gary.

66. B. Lorquinii. Very common all through the western slopes of the
Divide and flies at Glacier. Not seen by me in the Rockies and not found
at Calgary.

67. Cercyonis charon. Common at Penticton, Nelson, and Banff, at low
levels throughout the summer.

68. Erebia discoidalis. Very common at Calgary and Banff in May at
moderate elevations. I never saw it west of the Divide.

69. Erebia Vidleri. Plentiful in the open woodlands of the upper Ker-
emeos, in mid-June at an elevation of from 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Only males
had then appeared. I did not take it on similar ground at Nelson and Green-
wood a week later.

70. Erebia epipsodea. The commonest Erebia from Penticton to Calgary
and flies as low as 2,500 feet.

71. C ceiionympJia aTnpelos, or ochracea, or inornata. Very common
everywhere at moderate elevations from Victoria to Calgary. Mr. Wolley
Dod cannot separate the species.

72. Coenonympha eJJco. One specimen only, near Lake O'Hara, in Aug-
ust. Evidently a wanderer.

73. (Eneis Macounii. Taken by Mr. Wolley Dod near Calgary. He took
this rare butterfly in some numbers in June last, on the summits of grassy
hills, about 4,000 feet.

74. (Eneis chryxus. Very common everywhere from the warm slopes
of Okanagan and Nelson right up to the high glens of the Rockies, even
above tree level. It varies little. Mr. Wolley Dod has never taken it at
Calgary, but it flies at Banff.

75. (Eneis varuna. At Calgary only, where it is common in May and
June. I never saw it at Banff, or in the Rockies.

76. (Eneis jutta. Not uncommon in mountain marshes. I took mine at
Lake Louise in July. It is common at Calgary.

77. (Eneis noma var. Beanii. This active butterfly is common on all
the high rocky summits of the Rockies. It haunts lichen-covered rocks,
which it exactly resembles in color. I never found the female lower down,
as was the case with the Astarte female.

78. Uranotes melinus. At Kaslo and at Bonnington Falls in June.

79. Thecla scepium. At Bonnington Falls, just out, third week of June.
I was too late for it at Kaslo.

79|. Thecla augustus. Banff, May.

78 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

80. Thecla spinetorum. One much worn female, upper Keremeos, June
18tli.

81. Thecla acadica. One at Kaslo, where it is common. I was too late
for it.

82. Callicista eryphon. Banff, in May, high up among pines.

83. Callophrys dumetorum. Several wretched specimens at about 5,000
feet in June, above upper Keremeos. Probably common earlier.

84. Chrysophanus thoe. At Ottawa along the railway banks in Septem-
ber, rather common, but worn. It also occurs at Calgary.

85. Epidemia mariposa. Very common everywhere in the Rockies, and
flies up to 6,000 feet.

86. Epidemia zeroe. Not uncommon in the south Okanagan country,
and at Greenwood. I never found it in high mountains.

87. Epidemia helloides. Yery common everywhere in the west at low
elevations.

88. Heodes hypophleas. Not common. I took several at Ottawa. Mr.
Wolley Dod takes it sometimes near Calgary.

89. Chalceria Snoivi. The most beautiful of the coppers. A high moun-
taineer, never seen below 7,000 feet. Widely distributed over the high
Rockies, but seldom plentiful.

90. Cupido heteronea. At Greenwood and in the lower Keremeos in June.
I met with it nowhere else.

91. Cupido fulla. I have this butterfly from Calgary only, where Mr.
Wolley Dod takes it commonly. Mr. Elwes considers it to be identical with
pheres, which it closely resembles.

92. Cupido scepiolus. Yery common everywhere and flies up to 6,000
feet at Hector. Yery common at Calgary. Dr. Rebel calls it L. antiacis.

93. Cupido pheres. Common in the south-west of British Columbia, Pen-
ticton, Greenwood and Yancouver. Not taken at Calgary. It is very near
to C. fulla. Dr. Rebel calls my specimens L. lycea (Edw.).

94. Nomiades Couperi. Yery common on both sides of the Divide, but
not high up. Yery like Antiacis.

95. Phcedrotes sagittigera. Not common. I only took three at Green-
wood and upper Keremeos. It is taken occasionally at Calgary and Kaslo.

96. Agriades aquilo. A high mountaineer, locally abundant at Lake
Louise, Hector and Lake O'Hara.

97. Agriades rustica. Yery common at Calgary. I never took it at all.

98. Agriades podarce. One specimen only, taken July 5th, on Bear
Mountain, behind Kaslo, which is a locality for Podarce. I was too early
to get a series and have no female, which is said to be distinct. The male is
exactly like Aquilo.

99. Busticus tnelissa. Yery common everywhere up to 6,000 feet. {Ar-
gus.)

100. Rusticus acmon. Common near Greenwood. A southern insect.

101. Rusticus anna. Two from Bear Lake, which is a locality for it,
and one female from Penticton. A southern insect.

102. Everes amyntula. Common everywhere in the West, also at Cal-
gary.

103. Eve^res comyntas. Not common. My specimens are from Penticton.
It is taken at Kaslo and at Yictoria.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 79

104. Cyaniris pseudargiolus. Very common and variable.

105. Amblyscirtes vialis. Only taken by me at Greenwood, June. Ee-
ported from Vancouver and Kaslo.

106. Pamphila palcemon. Very common and flies as bigh as Glacier.

107. Erynnis comma. Very common and widely distributed.

108. Polites peckius. Only one at Nelson, June. Reported from Cal-
gary.

109. Anthoraaster leonardus. Only at Ottawa, in September.

110. Thymelicus cernes. Common at Penticton, June. Reported from
Coldstream (Pacific coast) and Calgary.

111. Thoryhes pylades. At Penticton, mucb worn, in June. Reported
from Kaslo and Calgary.

112. PhoUsora catullus. Common at Penticton.

113. Thanaos juvenalis. At Ottawa only. An eastern insect.

114. Thanaos persius. Very common at Greenwood, Penticton, Yan-
couver and Calgary.

115. Thanaos icelus. Common and widely distributed.

116. Hesperia centaurece. One only, very bigb up, above Lake Louise.
None reported from otber places.

117. Hesperia ccespitalis. Common in upper Keremeos, but nearly
over. Common near Yictoria (May). Not common at Kaslo and Calgary.

Notes on the above Paper by Dr. James Fletcher.

The above extremely interesting paper by Mrs. NichoU was kindly given to us for
publication last summer. Unfortunately, Mrs Nicholl's absence exploring in the Rocky
Mountains during the summer, my own subsequent absence from Ottawa, and the
early call for the manuscript for the Report, made correspondence with Mrs. Nicholl,
about some of the above named species, impossible. As it is important that the

paper should be published without delay, I add a few notes concerning, some of the
species, with regard to which there was some doubt, thinking that as I have collected
in most of the localities mentioned, these might be of use to lepidopterists.

6. Papilio zolicaon is a black swallow-tail with yellow markings, viachaon on the
other hand is yellcw with black markings. Oregonia. which flies in the interior of
British Columbia, is much more like the European machaon but is larger. It is easily
separated from zolicaon by its larger size, broader areas of yellow, particularly on the
lower side, and by the characters of the large red ocellus at anal angle, which is much
more like that of machaon than of zolicaon, not being pupilled, as a rule, but with the
margin running round into the lower part of the ocellus and ending in a club-shaped
expansion, with or withoiit a short spur at the extreme anal angle. The characters
are best seen on the lower side.

11. Synchloe creusa is smaller than jSi. aitsanicles, is greener beneath, with the spots
smaller and silvery pearly. The black discal spot on the primaries beneath is cut off
square at the bottom, where it runs along the vein. In ausonides this spot tapers.

20. This was probably Colias emilia which flies in the Okanagan valley just at the
time Mrs. Nicholl was there. The male is like a large interior hat sometimes has an
orange flush. The female is very much like some females of Christina. Both sexes
have beautiful red fringes. Alexandra has a white fringe and a silvery white spot
beneath on the lower wings. In emilia, the spot is white but is more or less conspicu-
ously ringed with pink. Eclwardsii, as I understand that species, is like alexandra, buf
has pink in the fringe, and some of the females are marked as in christina female.
Behrii in no way resembles the species above referred to. It is a small, very dark green
thing. There must have been some mistake about the specimens examined by Dr.
Rebel.

80 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

22. Enrymus pelidne, var. minismi, Elwes. I cannot find that this name was ever
published, although Mr. Bean always spcke of the insect Mrs. Nicholl refers to, under
the name of minismi. E. pelidne, var. Skinneri is the same thing.

24. E. Claudia is a prairie species. The larvse are sometimes destructive to pansies
and other violets in gardens.

26. Argynnis atlantis. The Rocky mountain species called atlantis by Mr. Elwes
is claimed by Mr. Edwards to be electa. There is only one form in our Rocky Moun-
tains.

Melitcea cTialcedon has not so far been recorded from a Canadian locality. Pos-
sibly this may be Macglasliani, which occurs in the Boundary country.

M. nuhigena. True nuhigena has not been recorded from Canada.

48. M. Tuhicunda, ditto.

54. Ph. m,ylitta is a small species expanding about 1 inch to 1^ inches. All that
I have seen from the Okanagan are a somewhat similar species, Ph. Barnesii, with a
large female expanding about 1^ inches.

71. Coen. ampelos. This species at least is easily recognised by the absence of ocelli
and by its silky pale fawn color. It is the only Coenonympha on Vancouver Island.
Inornata is much darker in tone than ochracea and has much less white beneath.

72. C. elko 's a synonym of ampelos.

88. Heodes hypophleas. The species taken by Mr. WoUey-Dod near Millarville,
south of Calgary, is a magnificent insect larger and far finer than any form of hypor
phleas we have in Canada. I hope Mr. Dod will describe it.

92. Cupido scepiolus. This species in no way resembles antiacis. The male is
silvery blue above, has a double row of spots on hind wing beneath and two or three
reddish spots at anal angle above. None of these characters are found in antiacis.

93. Ciipido pheres. The form of this species on Vancouver Island is the variety
ardea which has the spots beneath almost obliterated. Lycea is like fulla but is violet
blue above, not the silvery blue of pheres.

94. Nomiades Couperi. The mountains form here referred to is called lygdanfius by
Canadian collectors following Mr. W. H. Edwards.

100. Busticus acmon. Common across the plains.

101. Busticus anna. Not uncommon on Vancouver Island and at many places in
the mountains.

103. Everes comynias. I never saw this from Vancouver Island, ^myntula is
common everywhere from Manitoba to the Coast. The diflFerences are slight, but the
two species can, as a rule, be easily separated. Comyntas is less silvery beneath and
altogether a more eastern-looking species.

INSECTS INJURIOUS TO ONTARIO CROPS IN 1905.
By James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa.

In nearly all parts of Canada, weather reports have shown favourable
conditions for the growth and maturity of crops, and Ontario has been no
exception in this respect. Although reports have mentioned a large number
of different kinds of insects which have been more or less noticeable by their
attacks upon crop-plants, there have been fewer bad outbreaks of injurious
insects than has been the case for many years; and the general report of the
year in Ontario is that there have been no attacks of special importance and
no new enemies which are likely to be the cause of serious loss in the future.
Notwithstanding this, however, there are still plenty of the old and well
known enemies which require the attention of the fruit grower and farmer;
and this seems an appropriate time to again reiterate the warning that the
most effective time to fight injurious insects which are known to have ex-
tensive powers of injury, is just when they occur in small numbers, as evi-
denced by slight injury. It becomes more and more apparent every year
that preventive measures for warding off insect attack should become general
principles of agriculture to be applied as a matter of course every year.

Now that spraying fruit trees to protect them against injury by the
Codling Moth and the Black Spot fungous disease, has become such a matter
of course with the leading fruit growers, there are numberless instances which
might be cited in proof of the statement that orchards which are sprayed
every year gradually become so free of their enemies that practically they
may be said always to produce clean fruit, whereas in neighbouring orchards
where no spraying is done, the opposite to this is the case.

Cereal Crops.

The worst enemies of grain crops have been conspicuously absent during
the season of 1905. There have been no complaints at all of Hessian Fly;
and, although, if looked for carefully, it was possible to find in one or two
localities the orange larvae of the Wheat Midge, there have been no reports
received from farmers of their occurrence. Neither Wireworms nor White
Grubs were mentioned in grain crops. The only exception to the general
immunity was in the case of a locally rather severe occurrence of the Wheat
Joint Worm (Isosoma tritici, Fitch). This was at Millbrook, Ont., where
it did considerabe harm. Mr. T. D. Jarvis, of Guelph, also mentions Joint
Worms as the cause of injury to both wheat and barley in western Ontario.

In Ontario there is only one annual brood of the Joint Worms, the
insects passing the winter as larvse within cells which they have hollowed out
inside galls made at joints of the swollen and distorted straws. Fig. 29,
These are, for the most part, so near the ground that a large proportion of the
larvse are left in the fields in the stubble. The ploughing down deeply
or the burning over of stubble in autumn reduces the numbers of the larvse
which can turn to flies the following spring. That part of the stem which
is attacked, generally swells and makes a distorted and bent gall; but this
is not always the case, the attacked portion of the stem simply becoming
thickened and hardened. These hardened portions frequently break off
in threshing and are either carried through with the grain or with the small
seeds. When cleaned out, they should be destroyed and not left on the
ground, where the flies can hatch the following spring and fly to the fields.
When the screenings are fed, these should always be crushed; but, if fed

6 EN. [ 81 ]

82

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

to chickens, it should be done where the galls will be trampled un ler the
feet of stock or otherwise destroyed. The straw from an infested crop should
be either fed or burnt before the ensuing spring. A regular and snort ro-
tation of crops and the mowing down of all grasses along the borders of
fields, have been found useful in controlling these enemies of the wheat
grower.

Fig. 29. Wheat- Joint Worm Fly (much enlarged),
and stems showing galls.

Peas in Ontario have been an excellent crop, without any injury by
insect enemies. The Pea Moth seemed almost entirely to restrict its attacks
to the seeds of wild legumes such as the Purple-tufted Vetch, the Wild
Tare and the Cream-coloured Vetchling. The Pea Weevil has only been
reported with regard to its disappearance ; and we again point out the im-
portance of everybody insisting on having all seed pease fumigated before

Fig. 30, Rose Chaier {Macrodactylus subspinosus.) a, beetle; b, larva; c and d, mouth-
parts of same ; e, pupa ; /, injury to leaves and blossoms with beetles, natural size, at work .
After Marlatt, U.S. Dept. Agriculture.)

6a ent*.

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

88

sowing them. The reputation of our Canadian grown pease has risen again
rapidly since last year, on account of their freedom from weevils; but
growers may remain perfectly certain that, if they again become negligent
and do not treat their seed pease, they will have to suffer for it, by the Pea
Weevil increasing in numbers and in destructiveness.

Fodder Crops.

The loss in grass and fodder crops in 1905 from insect enemies was
nowhere noticeable; but there were one or two interesting occurrences from
the entomological point of view. The most remarkable of these was a severe,
although short, attack on young corn grown in Grey county, by the Rose
Chafer. Macrodactylus subspinosus, Fab., Fig. 30. Late in June the
beetles flew in large numbers to a field of growing corn when the plants
were about eight inches high and in a good vigorous condition. They ap-
peared suddenly, covering about two thirds of a twenty acre field; and clus-
tered, as many sometimes as twenty insects on each plant, and devoured
the leaves. This swarm remained on the corn field for only three days,
during which they did considerable harm, and then disappeared as suddenly
as they came.

Fig. 31. Stalk-borer {Papaipema nitela) ; a, female moth; b, half-grown larva ; c, mature
larva in injured stalk ; d, lateral view of abdominal segment of same ; e, pupa — all somewhat
enlarged. (After Chittenden, U.S. Dept. Agriculture) Full measure.

The Stalk Borer (Papaipema nitela, Gn.), Fig. 31, which in past years
has frequently been accused of doing injury to various plants, but of which
no reared specimens were to be found in collections in Canada, was this
season certainly identified from specimens sent from Fargo, Ont., by Mr.
G. W. Riseborough. In previous years all larvae sent in under the name
of '^Gortyna nitela'^ proved to be when reared, Papaipema cataphracta,
Grt., which is a much wider-spread species in Canada and of which the larva
is very similar to that of P. nitela. This is a rather general feeder, like
P. cataphracta, but has more frequently been known as the Potato Stalk
Borer, although it attacks corn probably to a greater extent even than pota-
toes. Mr. Piseborough found the larvae in some numbers in his corn field

84 THE REPORT OF THE

and also sent specimens whicli had attacked potatoes and Canada Thistles.
Moths were reared from these, and also some parasites. Later in the season
the corn crop outgrew the injury, as there were sufficient plants left, and a
good crop was reaped.

"Silver Top" in timothy and other grasses was not so much noticed
as usual, although it caused some anxiety in Middlesex county early in July.
The cause of this whitening of the head is the work of a very small insect
belonging to the Thripidae, probably Phloeothrips poaphagus, Comstock,
Avhich attacks the soft growing base of the top joint, inside the uppermost
sheath. The same, or a similar injury, occurs in oats in which not the
whole panicle but the lowest flowers while in the sheath are attacked and
blighted, so that they turn white and never develop. The injury of the
Grass Thrips is of an intermittent nature, but is always much worse in mea-
dows which have been down to grass for many years, and particularly when
the land is exhausted or of low fertility. There is no remedy which can be
applied to grass lands; but a short rotation by which the land is ploughed
up at short intervals and used for other crops, has been of great advantage.
The presence of the Grass Thrips was noticeable in almost all localities
through the province, wherever looked for, and the only reason it was not
more complained of, was the abundant growth of all grass from the fre-
quent and well timed rains.

The Clover Seed Midge (Cecidomyia leguminicola, Lintner), although
perhaps not quite so destructive as in 1904, was still terribly abundant and
its presence could be detected by the appearance of the clover fields at the
end of June and early in July in all parts of the province. It was more
abundant at Ottawa than it has ever been before. No better remedy has
been discovered than that one which has given such good results wherever
tried, of feeding off seed clover fields up to the 20th June and then leaving
the second crop for seed.

The Clover-leaf Weevil (Phytonomus punctatus, Fab.) occurred this
year for the first time at Ottawa. No injury was noticed on the clover
crop, a few specimens only of the mature beetle being taken. Although
loss from this insect is seldom extensive, owing to the prevalence of the
parasitic fungus, Entomophthora sphcerosperma, Fres., which destroys the
larvae in enormous numbers. It will be well for clover growers in the dis-
trict to be on guard against an outbreak next June,

The Green Clover "Weevil (Phytonomus nigrirostris, Fab.), as is usually
the case, was far more abundant and destructive than its larger and more
formidable looking relative. The newly emerged perfect beetles appear
in July and in autumn, and pass the winter as beetles, hidden away beneath
leaves, moss, etc. The slender slug-like grubs feed upon the leaves, parti-
cularly those surrounding the forming flower heads of which they eat the
stipules; they also burrow into the heads, where they destroy many of the
flowers during June. When full grown, they spin pretty white lace-like
cocoons inside the bracts of the clover heads. The summer brood appears
early in July. When clover fields show the presence of this or the Clover
leaf Weevil in large numbers, they should at once be fed off or cut. If the
beetles are noticed very early in the season, it may be found desirable to
plough down the clover in May and use the field for corn or for some other
crop.

The Clover-seed Caterpillar (Grapholitha inter stinctana, Clem.) was
noticed in many places, the pretty little silvery moths being seen on the
foliage and flying about the flowers. The injury from this insect is, as a
rule, small in extent, and the same remedies will answer for it and the
clover weevils.

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

85

The Eed-headed Flea-beetle (Systena frontalis, Fab.), Fig. 32. This
beetle whicli has a very wide range of food plants was found as a destruc-
tive pest on the second crop of clover in August, both at Ottawa and Guelpb,
Ont. The insect, which is a common species, was rather more abundant
than usual, and it occurred doubtless at other places where it was not
noticed.

Root Crops and Vegetables.

The favourable season enabled all garden and field crops of this class
to develop well. Cutworms of a few kinds, as usual, did considerable harm
locally; but there was no extensive outbreak such as sometimes occurs.

During the month of July almost all plants in the flower and vegetable
garden were attacked at Ottawa by a smooth cutworm-like caterpillar, when
young greenish in colour, but having the body divid^ed into two equal parts
above and below the spiracles, the back being dark with three pale lines
along it, and the underside of the body yellowish up to a clear yellowish
side stripe. These at first rather inconspicuously marked caterpillars, were
largely nocturnal in habit, coming out at night and devouring nearly all
kinds of vegetation. They were particularly destructive to the forming seed
pods of larkspurs. After the last moult they were very much more conspicu-
ously marked, presenting a handsome Mamestra-like appearance with three
lines down the back and with each segment ornamented with large black
velvety patches on the back and above the spiracles. The head honey-
coloured and mottled. When full grown, these caterpillars are very vor-

Fig. 32. Red-head-
ed Flea-beetle (greatly
enlarged) (Chitteuden,
U.S. Dept. Agricl.)

Fig. 33. The Diamond-back Moth ; a, cater-
pillar ; d, pupa ; c, cocoon ; /, moth — enlarged .
(U.S. Dept. Agriculture.)

acious. They are about two inches in length, cylindrical in shape, like
cutworms, and about a quarter of an inch in diameter. There is very much
variation in their colours, some specimens being almost black, while others
are of a dark olive green; but all specimens show a distinct side band
and the three thread-like stripes down the back. These caterpillars were
the progeny of a rare species of noctuid moth named Barathra occidentata,
Grt., an insect which is so rare that the only specimens I had ever seen
before were two reared by Mr. J. A. Guignard many years ago from larvae
which he had found destroying larkspurs in his garden; and Dr. J. B. Smith
reports that it is an extremely rare insect in collections. In June, while
collecting moths at Ottawa, we had found that this species was well repre-
sented among our captures, and we were pleased to secure eggs and rear the
larvae. Later, however, the caterpillars occurred in too great abundance
out of doors. There is only one brood of Barathra in the year, the eggs
being laid in June and the caterpillars feeding through July and into

86 THE REPORT OF THE N*

•m

August. Not only was tlie species found in abundance at Ottawa, but speci-
mens were sent from Nova Scotia and were also found at Nepigon, Ont,, as
destructive enemies of tbe cabbage; it also occurred at various places be-
tween these two points, and Dr. Fyles took it at Quebec. Favourite foods
in tbe vegetable garden were cabbage and spinach.

The Diamond-back Moth {Plutella macuUpennis, Curtis, better known
as Plutella cruciferarum, Zell.), Fig. 33, was abundant and destructive in
many places, doing considerable harm in rape fields and on Swede turnips
and cabbages. The attack, however, was of rather short duration and ended
sooner in the season than is usually the case. This little insect is very
much attacked by a small hymenopterous parasite which this year- occurred
in large numbers. The remedies for controlling the small caterpillars are
rather difficult of application. They consist of kerosene emulsion, or arseni-
cal mixtures mixed with soap washes, which must be sprayed well under
the leaves by means of an angled nozzle. An important supplementary
treatment is to induce a vigorous growth of the crop with light surface
dressings of nitrate of soda. As a preventive measure, care must be taken
to keep down all weeds and plants of the Mustard Family and to destroy
in autumn all refuse plants of a crop which has been attacked.

The Turnip and Cabbage Aphis (Aphis brassiccB, L.) did much harm
to turnip crops particularly around Guelph, but also in many other parts of
the Province. There is nothing new in the way of a remedy; but it is well
to emphasize the importance of feeding off or ploughing down turnip tops
and remnants in cabbage fields, late in autumn, so that the over-wintering
eggs may be prevented from hatching.

The Turnip Flea Beetle (Phyllotreta vittata, Fab.) was only once or
twice mentioned in correspondence ; but the favourable weather which pre-
vailed in most parts of the province at the time the young plants were start-
ing, gave them full opportunity to outgrow the attacks of the beetle.

The Onion Maggot and Cabbage Maggot, which for the last few years
have been so excessively destructive, during the past season were hardly
noticeable in many localities where in previous years they had made a clean
sweep of almost everything.

The Carrot Rust-Fly (Psila roscc, Fab.), on the other hand, was rather
more abundant than usual and extended over a wider area than for many
years past. Some early carrots at Ottawa were quite destroyed; but later
sowings on the same ground produced satisfactory crops. There was no
injury recorded to celery or parsnips, both of which are occasional food
plants of the Carrot E,ust-fly. The remedies for this insect are to take great
care, when thinning out young carrots, to do this late in the day, and then
spray the rows at once with a deterrent preparation, such as kerosene emul-
sion or a carbolic wash. The time when most injury is done, is in June
and July, so that two or three sprayings, a week apart, will generally have
the effect of protecting the crop. The late sowing of seed has been fre-
quently attended with good results, and carrots should never be planted
in the same spot as they were grown the previous year. Should maggots
be found in stored carrots, the sand in which these roots are kept for the
winter, should be treated in spring so that the puparia therein contained
may not give forth their flies. This may be done either by burying it in a
deep hole or by throwing it into a pond or into a barnyard where it will
be trampled by stock.

Fruit Crops.

The fruit crops of the province may be said, on the whole, to have been
very good in quality, although in some localities the yield was rather light.

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

87

Apples in the Ottawa valley were abundant and in sprayed orcliards of first
quality. In western Ontario tlie crop was rather poor, tlie shortage being
due probably to lack of vigour in the trees. The very severe winter of
1903-04 worked great havoc in orchards. The trees in 1904 bore very
heavily, which fact was in many cases an indication of weakness. This
made a further draught on their strength, and the result was apparent in
1905. The very fact that the crop was light this season, was a benefit to
the trees. Another cause for the lowering of the average of the apple crop
in 1905 was the heavy wind storm which occurred in October last. Plums
were a good crop and much less injured by the Curculio than last year.
Peaches and pears were abundant and of high quality. Grapes were to some
extent attacked by the Grape Rot ; but, on the whole, vineyards which were
sprayed and well looked after gave good returns. The Grape-berry moth
(Eudemis botrana, Schiff.), Fig. 34, was prevalent in south-western Ontario,
as could be seen by traces of its work in grapes which were sent to the
market. This little insect, the minute caterpillars of which eat into the
berries and web two or three of them together, is apparently increasing
in the grape-growing districts of the province. The remedy which has been
suggested by Saunders, is to gather up and burn all leaves of the vines in
the autumn, so as, at the same time, to destroy the overwintering pupae.

Fig. 34. Grape-berry moth ; a, much enlarged ; b,
caterpillar ; c, grapes ; d, injured berry.

The San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comst.). Notwithstanding
all that has been written on the subject, there is little change in the San
Jose Scale situation. In the infested district there are still a great many
fruit growers who are content to grow small, poor and almost useless crops
of fruit, because they will not spray; but most of the advanced growers
have now adopted the lime and sulphur wash and have grown paying crops
as a consequence. That large class of fruit growers who are always on the
lookout, first of all, for something new, and put off work on this score, have
unnecessarily lost a large percentage of the returns which they might have
had for the necessary yearly work among their fruit trees. If any new
remedy is discovered which will take the place of those already in use, over-
anxious people may be quite sure that it will be quickly made known and
they will soon hear of it, if it proves successful. There are ample means
in Canada for anyone engaged in any kind of farming to find out, free of
all cost, from the Government institutions, both at Ottawa and at Guelph,
what the recognized best treatment is, and they would be wise to adopt this
until something better has been discovered. There is never a year passes
by that some new and loudly exploited supposed improvement on recognized
methods, or some new remedy, is not brought forward to be heard of for
a short time and then disappear altogether. The best advice which I think
can be given to those who are wise enough to acknowledge that they do not

88 THE REPORT OF THE

know everything about their own work, is to watcli carefully and leai :; ri__
their most successful and enterprising neighbours, at the same time, keeping
well posted as to the progress of the experimental work of the Government
officials specially engaged to investigate these matters, and to obtain and
read their reports, which are published by the Government for their benefit
and all of which are distributed free to all applicants.

In this connection, it may be well to mention Prof. Close's recent im-
provement in the convenience of making kerosene emulsion by first mixing
the kerosene with lime and then simply churning it in water, and also the
later improvement on this method by Mr. F. T. Shutt, in substituting flour
for lime, which gives it a much wider range of usefulness. There are many
parts of Canada where lime cannot be obtained easily ; but flour is a necessity
everywhere, and it has been found that, for a kerosene emulsion which ^'s
to be used at once, there is nothing more convenient than to mix the kero-
sene and flour in the proportion of one pint of kerosene to four ounces of
cheap flour, and, when this is thoroughly mixed, add one gallon of water
(preferably warm) for every pint of kerosene. The whole is then vigor-
ously churned for from two to five minutes, and the emulsion is ready for
use. Even a weaker mixture will answer if the emulsion is to be used
immediately; for two ounces of flour will emulsify, or more correctly hold
entangled around its molecules, one quart of kerosene for a sufficient time
to be applied by a spraying pump; but, on standing for a short time, the
kerosene will separate from the water. Mr. Shutt has also found, how-
ever, that by scalding the flour before adding the kerosene, an excellent
emulsion which will not separate for several days, can be prepared with
two ounces of flour and one quart of kerosene, mixed with two gallons of
water. For immediate use and particularly in gardens and over small areas,
this emulsion will be of the greatest value. The above quantities for mak-
ing the new emulsion give a percentage of coal oil to water equal to that
contained in the ordinary Riley-Hubbard formula, which has two gallons
of coal oil in every thirty gallons of wash ready for use.

These new kerosene emulsions have been very much discussed in con-
nection with work against the San Jose Scale; and it is probable that, if
their application were persisted in, they would finally vanquish the San
Jose Scale; but the cost of labour and materials in these frequent applica-
tions would probably render them unpractical remedies. For this redoubt-
able enemy, something more drastic is necessary; and tJie lime and sulphur
wash which has so frequently been recommended in our reports, is still the
best .standard remedy for that insect. The recently sent out proprietary
remedies "Kil-o-Scale" and ''Scalecide", notwithstanding their forbidding
names, are said by Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Jersey, to have given good re-
sults. These are petroleum preparations prepared, I believe, to a large
measure in accordance with Dr. Smith's advice. For the meantime, how-
ever, the lime and sulphur wash remains the standard remedy for the San
Jose Scale, and, if regularly and carefully used, will keep trees in a healthy
condition and enable them to produce paying crops of fruit. >

The Woolly Aphis of the Apple (Schizoneura lanigera, Hausm.). See
Fig. 1, page 10. An insect which has been particularly abundant and much
noticed by fruit growers from the conspicuous white colonies which have
been seen on apple trees and hawthorns during the past season is the Woolly
Aphis of the Apple. It is many years since this insect has appeared m
the vast numbers that it was noticed in 1905. The injury, however,
has not as yet been very great, and, since the root inhabiting form is seldom
destructive in Canada, it is to be hoped that the abundant occurrence of the
past season will not be attended by serious after consequences in our or-

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 89

chards. The attacks were largely upon nursery stock, and the colonies
could doubtless have been destroyed by an application of kerosene emulsion
or a whale-oil soap wash. As the colonies are so dense and frequently many
of them are hidden inside an open swelling caused on the bark of young
trees by their punctures, spraying the above insecticides would not in all
cases reach all of the insects. Where possible, a more thorough applica-
tion by means of a stiff brush would probably be more satisfactory. In
very bad instances, however, twigs high up in the trees may be covered
with the plant-lice, and in such cases the only practical treatment would
be spraying with a strong kerosene emulsion (one to six), and the liquid
must be applied with as much force as possible.

The Buffalo Tree-hopper {Ceresa huhalus, Fab.). This little homopter
is often complained of for the injury done to young apple wood by the egg-
laying females, which cut crescent-shaped slits in pairs along the young
branches when depositing their eggs. These slits run deeply into the wood
and leave lasting scars which give an ugly gnarled appearance to the trees.
Injury is seldom severe; but a remarkable instance has occurred during
the past summer in Mr, J. P. Gourdanier's magnificent seventy-acre or-
chard at Morven, Lennox county, Ont., where nearly all the trees were
severely injured. The remedy usually recommended for this insect is to
spray at the time the young hoppers hatch, with kerosene emulsion. In
this case, however, spraying with crude oil or a strong kerosene emulsion
just before the buds burst in spring would be advisable, so as to kill the eggs.
It has been found that the young do not feed to any extent upon the apple
trees after hatching; but upon weeds and other coarse vegetation near the
ground. All such useless vegetation, therefore, should be kept closely
mowed and the ground cultivated in infested orchards.

Forest and Shade Trees.

Perhaps the most noticeable occurrences of insects upon forest trees
during the past season were the reappearance of the Larch Sawfly and the
remarkable increase in the numbers of the Spruce Gall-louse, Chertnes
ahietis, L. This latter insect has been the cause of considerable anxiety
among growers of ornamental spruces for some years. It undoubtedly
renders the trees very unsightly and gives them an unhealthy appearance;
but I know of no actual instance where it has killed trees. The young
issue from the cone-like galls about the middle of August and crawl about
on the trees, where later eggs are laid from which hatch young plant-lice
that remain on the twigs until the following spring. Their presence in
the young buds of the spruces causes slight swellings at the base of the
leaves. Each female of the May brood lays about 300 eggs and the young
from these, cluster in the swellings begun by their mothers, where they soon
cause the galls which later are so conspicuous. No treatment is possible
upon forest trees ; but, upon hedges and ornamental specimen trees, good
work has been done by spraying them at the times the young plant-lice are
exposed and before they are enclosed in the galls, with a tobacco and soap
wash, or with kerosene emulsion. The two seasons of the year when the
young plant-lice may be reached are in the latter part of August and in
May. A good soap wash may be made by soaking ten pounds of tobacco
leaves in enough hot water to cover them. Then strain off the liquid and
add two pounds of whale oil soap. When dissolved, dilute to forty gallons
of water. Two or three applications of this spray should be made at short
intervals.

90 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

The Tussock Motli lias been fully treated in other parts of this report
so requires no special mention here.

The Larch Case-bearer (Coleophora laricella, Hbn.). During the past
summer the European larches on the Experimental Farm, at Ottawa, were
seen to have many bleached leaves on some of their branches and upon close
examination it was found that the leaves were being eaten by large num-
bers of the small European Elachistid, Coleophora laricella, Hbn. This
had been recorded previously on larch trees in America; but I am not aware
of its ever having been observed in Canada. The injury was not very
severe, but every new importation of this nature is worthy of considera-
tion, and it is to be hoped that this latest visitor may not be equally injuri-
ous here as it is in the German larch forests. The larval case is somewhat
similar to that of the Cigar Case-bearer of the Apple, but is rather shorter
and pale drab in colour. The caterpillars have a curious habit, when full
grown and ready to pupate, of fastening themselves in the centre of a fas-
cicle of leaves, where they are difficult to detect. There is only one brood
in the year, the moths of which appear in June. They are very small, of
a satiny ashy gray in colour, with long antennae and very long fringes to the
wings. After pairing*, the females lay their tiny yellow eggs singly on
the needles of the larch. These soon after hatch and the larvse eat their
way into the slender needles, of which subsequently they make a very slen-
der case about one-eighth of an inch long, in which they pass the winter
attached to the twigs of the tree. As soon as the young buds begin to swell
in spring, these minute caterpillars revive and feed upon the young leaves.
The presence of the caterpillars upon a tree is easily recognized by the con-
dition of the leaves, the terminal portion of which is bleached and soon
shrivels. When the caterpillar attacks a leaf it eats a hole in the side, and,
as it consumes the interior portion, it protrudes its body until it can reach
no further without leaving its case. The winter case soon becomes too
small, when it is split down the side and the emptied skin of another leaf
is inserted. The case in which the Larch Case-bearer passes the winter,
is straight and slender, not curved as in the case of the Cigar Case-bearer
No parasites were reared, and the young larvae are to be found in large
numbers on the trees this autumn.

ENTOMOLOGICAL RECORD, 1905.
By James Fletcher, Dominion Entomologist, Ottawa.

Although few of the correspondents mentioned in the last Entomological
Record, to all of whom it was sent, have expressed an opinion of its utility,
I learn indirectly that it is highly valued by entomologists as a means of
learning what is being done in the country, where species have been taken
by our collectors, where these live, and what orders they are specially inter-
ested in. Most of this evidence, however, has been given gratuitously by
specialists living outside of Canada.

Up to the present time the Entomological Record has been sent regu-
larly to every active collector known to me in Canada. In future it will be
sent only to those who acknowledge its receipt.

From the large number of records sent in, it is evident that some of our
collectors do not understand the objects of publishing this paper. These
were stated in our first issue and repeated in 1902. There is no idea of pub-
lishing year after year long lists of insects which have been taken within

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 91

their own range, but only such data as it is thought will be of value to stu-
dents of geographical entomology and to those interested in life-histories,
particularly the exact dates when various insects occur in the perfect state.
It is hoped in this Record to publish a list of rare species or such as have
not previously been noted as occurring in Canada; to give exact data as to
the distribution of species together with dates when certain insects have been
taken, so that localities may be visited and desirable species sought for at
the time and place where they are known to have occurred; also to draw
attention to works of particular value in the different departments of ento-
mology, and to place on record anything which it is thought will encourage
the study of insects in the Dominion.

A great many notes on captures have been sent in, and from these a se-
lection has been made of such species as in the opinion of the writer or those
specialists whom he has been able to consult, seemed worthy of recording.
As in the past, great care has been exercised in endeavoring to arrive at cor-
rect determinations.

I have again to express great gratitude to the well-known specialists in
the various orders who have so patiently identified large numbers of insects
for Canadian collectors; and I am glad to know from these gentlemen that
their own collections have been considerably enriched from the interesting
northern and western Canadian material, much of which was unrepresented
in the large collections of the United States. Particular mention in this
direction must be made of Dr. J. B. Smith, of New Brunswick, N.J., who is
untiring in his efforts to help all who apply to him. The same must be said
of Prof. H. F. Wickham, of Iowa City, Iowa, Mr. W. D. Kearfott, of Mont-
clair, N.J., and Dr. Skinner, of Philadelphia. Dr. L. 0. Howard, U. S.
Entomologist, and his expert associates, in the Bureau of Entomology, at
Washington, have, as heretofore, given invaluable help in almost all orders
of insects, to the many who have constantly asked for it.

The season of 1905 has been irregular, correspondents differing consid-
erably in their opinion of it. On the whole, however, in most places it prob-
ably was a rather unproductive year. The cool nights and damp weather
in many districts through the collecting season were very discouraging.
Notwithstanding this, many good species were taken, and, as is always the
case, energetic workers added many desirable species to their collections.

Among the important expeditions in our country, mention may be made
of another extensive trip by Mrs. Nicholl, of Bridgend, South Wales, who
again spent the summer in our Rocky Mountains and the mountains of Wash-
ington State, where she made large collections of butterflies and other in-
sects. Another expedition of which up to the present time no report has
been received, was made by Mr. J. Chester Bradley, of Ithaca, N.Y., to-
gether with a large party of naturalists, into the Selkirks, the mountains
around Revelstoke and down the Columbia River. Mr. J. Keele, of the
Geological Survey, Ottawa, brought back a small but most interesting col-
lection of insects from the Yukon Territory. Among these were Erehia Mag-
dalena, Eurymus Boothii and C oenonympha Icodiah — all insects of great
rarity. Mr. W. J. Wilson, also of the Geological Survey, likewise made a
collection of insects in the Hudson Bay country.

The collections of insects of our own Society at London, and those of the
two Government institutions, viz., at the Central Experimental Farm, Ot-
tawa, and at the Agricultural College, Guelph, have been materially in-
creased during the past year ; and it might be well for Canadian collectors to
remember that there are a great many insects not represented in the cabinets
of all these three institutions, and that specimens will always be acceptable.

92 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Efforts are made to help applicants whenever possible with identifications,
and the more complete these collections are, naturally of more use will they
be to ,the whole country. We are glad to welcome Prof. Franklin Sherman,
jr., at the Ontario Agricultural College at Guelph, and as his duties are more
restricted than were those of his highly esteemed predecessor, Prof. W.
tochhead, we look for a rapid increase in the college collections. We would
remind all our readers that as these Guelph collections, with the exception
of Lepidoptera, are practically new ones, many species are entirely unrepre-
sented, and, if properly labelled as to localities and dates, specimens in all
orders taken in Ontario will be very acceptable to Prof. Sherman. Even
unnamed material will be thankfully received.

Prof. Lochhead, who has done such good work at Guelph for many
years, has severed his connection with the Agricultural College and has been
appointed Biologist at the Macdonald College of Agriculture, Ste. Anne de
Bellevue, Que. Doubtless he will soon make collections of insects for the
Province of Quebec and will form at his College another centre for the ac-
cumulation and dissemination of knowledge concerning Canadian insects.

Literature.

Biographical notes on entomology appear regularly in all the entomo-
logical journals and scientific magazines, such as the Canadian Entomologist,
the Ottawa Naturalist, Entomological News, Journal of the New York Ento-
mological Society, Le N aturaliste Canadien, and Psyche. These publications
are indispensable to the working entomologist. Among the articles upon
North American moths, Mr. Wolley Dod's series of papers in the Canadian
Entomologist, giving critical notes on the Noctuids he has taken at Millar-
ville and Calgary are of the greatest value to students of Western Canadian
insects.

Among the books which have appeared during 1905, some are of special
fmportance to Canadian students.

Aldrich, J. M. a Catalogue of North American Diptera. Smithsonian
Misc. Coll. XLYI., No. 1,444, 1905, pp. 680.— The latest catalogue of North
American Diptera which has had to serve students until the present time
was that by Baron Osten Sacken, published by the Smithsonian Institution
in 1878. Many who would have taken up the study of flies have been pre-
vented from doing so, for the lack of some systematic list by which they
could arrange their collections. Prof. Aldrich has produced a most valuable
contribution to entomology and there are few books which have appeared on
this branch of science which have been so gladly welcomed as his catalogue.
The work is done admirably and the greatest care has evidently been taken
in searching literature and in verifying references. The references to Cana-
dian publications are very complete and with this catalogue and the four
Entomological Records which have appeared in our last four annual reports
a check list of Canadian Diptera might now easily be made out. There has
been an enormous increase in our knowledge of American flies during the
last 27 years. In the present catalogue no less than 8,300 species, are men-
tioned. The printing and general get-up of this work are as nearly perfect
as can be. We congratulate the author in having finished so well this great
work which has taken him seven years of patient labor.

Cook, Mel. T. The Insect Galls of Indiana (20th Annual Report Dept.
Geology and Nat. Resources of Indiana, 1904, pp. 801 to 871). — We have
received from Prof. Blatchley a separate copy of Mr. Cook's interesting and
well illustrated pamphlet, which makes a fitting companion for Mr. Beuten-
muller's bulletin on insect galls, noticed in our last issue. This will be found

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 93

a useful help to those who are now taking up this attractive subject. Bio-
graphical references under the different species are a noticeable feature.

Kellogg, Vernon L. American Insects. Henry Holt & Co., New York.
Pages 674; 13 colored plates; figs. 812 in text. — Prof. Kellogg gives us in this
work a useful addition to the books on general entomology which will be
appreciated by beginners and will be found interesting to all who consult it.
It is more popular and more up to date in many respects than the two stand-
ard works of a similar nature, Comstock's "Manual for the Study of Insects"
and Packard's "Text-book of Entomology." The author states in the pre-
face that "the book is written in the endeavor to foster an interest in insect
biology on the part of students of natural history, of nature observers and
of general readers, and does, as it professes, provide in a single volume a gen-
eral systematic account of the principal American insects. Comstock's clas-
sification, which is now generally adopted by American teachers, is followed
and synoptic tables are given which will be found very iiseful to students.
The whole work shows evidence of the writer's original investigations, but
naturally the specialist is more apparent in certain places than in others.

The physiology of insects, their relations to the development of plants
and as carriers of disease, are treated of at greater length than is usual in
such works, and form valuable contributions to the literature of these sub-
jects. The printing, paper and general get-up of the book are excellent.
The colored plates are good and will be found a great attraction to many who
wish for such a work as a present for boys and girls. A few of the text
figures are poor, and there are a few instances of errors as to the names of
species represented. These, however, are minor faults which can be cor-
rected by an "errata" slip or in a future edition.

Hampson, Sir George F. (Bart.), Catalogue of the Lepidoptera Phalsense
in the British Museum. Vol V. Noctuidse, 1905, pp. 634, plates 78 to 95.—
This volume is a continuation of Sir George Hampson's monographs of the
moths of the world, and gives the classification of the subfamily Hadeninse
as he understands it. "The subfamily is characterized by its trifid neuration
of the hind wing combined with the hairy clothing of the eyes and forms an
extremely natural and well-marked group of species." The generic names
used will be found unfamiliar to American students. The old genus Mames-
fra is now included in Polia. Many species recognized in our lists are in-
cluded as synonyms of other species. Possibly, however, larger series of
specimens would enable the eminent author to change his judgment on some
of these. The specific limits of many insects can on'^^" be decided after care-
ful breeding from the egg, a class of work i^hich :is now receiving great
attention in this country, and of which mucK is' still to be done for many
North American species. Some of the Caijiadian localities given are very
vague and give little information as to distributi(>n. The figures in the
plates are for the most part excellent and,' bout 160 sipecies are shown which
have already been or are likely to be foun in the Do iiinion. It is noticeable
what good work has been done by Mr. / H. WolL y-Dod in supplying Sir
George Hampson with specimens.

OsBORN, Herbert. Jassidse of New York State. (20th Report of the
State Entomologist of New York, pp. 498-545. — This comprehensive list of
the Jassidse of New York is of special interest to hemipterists in Eastern
Canada, as all the 175 specimens mentioned may be expected to occur with
us. Prof. Osborn has for many years made a special study of the Jassidse,
so is well fitted to prepare this list. It is printed on. good paper and in the
admirable manner characteristic of Dr. Felt's reports. It contains copious
bibliographical references and is carefully indexed in the general index to
the Entomologist's report.

94 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Skinner, Henry (M.D.). Synonymic Catalogue of North American
Rhopalocera, Supplement No. 1. — A supplement to Dr. Skinner's Catalogue
of 1898, giving references to the literature of the subject up to the end of
1904. This will be found a most useful help to students of North American
diurnals and shows that a great deal of attention has recently been given to
these attractive insects. No working entomologist can do without this sup-
plement. Dr. Skinner's well recognized knowledge of North American di-
urnals makes his critical notes a valuable feature of the pamphlet, which is
printed in the same neat and convenient style as the original catalogue. The
genera, we are glad to see, appear under the same names as before, which
seems preferable for the present at any rate.

Smith, J. B. (Sc.D.). Reports upon the Mosquitoes occurring within the
State of New Jersey, their habits, life history, etc. Trenton, N.J., 1904, pp.
482. — Copiously illustrated with numerous figures and plates. No index.
Many books and pamphlets have recently appeared upon mosquitoes and the
mosquito question, but none, we think, so complete or of such general utility
as this extensive report. The work has been done thoroughly, as all of Prof.
Smith's work is, and his results are presented in a readable and intelligible
manner, which must make the report very satisfactory to the people of the
State of New Jersey, who provided the necessary funds for the large amount
of work which was necessary in carrying out the experiments in draining
large marshes, making of surveys, etc., as well as for the scientific biological
work carried on in the laboratory. The report is well arranged. Part I. treats
of mosquito characteristics and habits; Part II., checks and remedies; Part
III., classification and descriptions; Part lY., local problems and surveys.
Parts I. and III. will be of greatest interest to the systematic entomologist,
no less than 37 species of New Jersey mosquitoes are described and fully il-
lustrated. The whole work shows the capability of the author in carrying
to a successful issue a work of great magnitude and also one demanding great
scientific knowledge.

Van Duzee, E. P. List of Hemiptera taken in the Adirondack Moun-
tains. (20th Report of the State Entomologist of New York, pp. 546-556.)
Although less complete than Prof. Osborn's list of Jassidse of New York, the
present paper will be found to be of great value to Canadian students on
account of the similarity of the fauna treated of and that of vast and varying
areas in Canada. It is a most welcome addition to the literature of an order
which requires many moT:e students than so far have given their attention to
it. Mr. Wm. MetcalfrJtof Ottawa has shown what good work may be done
even in a restricted locality by an energetic collector.

Wright, W. G., Ihe Butterflies of the West Coast of the United States.
(The Wittaker & Ray Companj^, San Francisco, pp. 257, 31 plates, color pho-
tography (940 figures). — This ha' dsome work, which has just come to hand,
is uniform in size, styln, paper an print with Dr. Holland's Butterfly Book,
and the plates are equa ly beautif in execution and are superior in the im-
portant feature that mai y more undersides are shown, particularly among the
Argynnidae and Lycieuidse, where this is of so much importance. Mr.
Wright's name is so well known as a collaborator of Mr. W. H. Edwards
that his work will be read with great interest by all the older students, al-
though perhaps younger men will not altogether approve of the generic classi-
fication adopted. This, however, is, as the author points out, not a matter of
very much moment so long as the specific names remain constant. He
naively says : "Students should bear in mind that the species is the foun-
dation. Genus and family names are more or less arbitrary. . . . When
looking up a butterfly in the index, look for the specific name rather than

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

95

the genus or family name, because these latter names are found in all sorts
of queer places, according to the fancy of the man who writes the list."
The first chapter, "General Features of Butterfly Life," consists of short
essays giving the author's views on many subjects which will be read with
interest, but with some of which lepidopterists will not agree. They are
valuable as being founded on the author's personal experience and observa-
tion of the species treated, mostly in California. A complete list of the but-
terflies of the United States gives the names as classified by Mr. W. H. Ed-
wards with the date of the original description. The names of the Pacific
coast species are in full-faced type and the descriptions are numbered in the
body of the book the same as' the figure on the plates, which makes them
very easy of reference. The points of difference between allied species are
original, and coming from one with such long experience with the species
mentioned will be very useful. This work will be of great value to our col-
lectors in British Columbia, where many of the California species occur; but
Thecla blenina and T. spinetoruTn, two species which probably they will first
look for, will be a disappointment. The former, although referred to in the
Index, is neither figured nor described, and syinetorum as figured is neither
the insect which occurs in collections under that name, nor the closely allied
T. Johnsonii, of Skinner. Our Vancouver Island friends will read with much
amusement the description of their climate given under Chionohas gigas.
Mr. Wright visited Mount Finlayson on July 3, 1891, for eggs of C . gigas.
He says : "The males stay about the bare rock-knobs, flirting and playing
during the few sunny hours that shine upon the rocks in that cloudy, raw
climate." C. gigas and nevadensis are treated as different species, the latter
being considered as more nearly related to calif ornica.

The following is a list of the full names and addresses of the collectors
referred to in the "Notes of Captures" for 1905: —

Anderson, E. M., Victoria, B.C.
Baldwin, J. W., Ottawa.
Bethune, Rev. C. J. S., London, Ont.
Bryant, Theodore, Wellington, B.C.
Bush. A. H., Vancouver, B.C.
Chagnon, Gus., Montreal.
Cockle, J. W., Kalso, B.C.
Criddle, Norman, Aweme, Man.
Dod, F. H. Wolley-, Millarville. Alta.
Draper, R., Vancouver, B.C.
Evans, J. D., Trenton, Ont.
Fletcher, Dr. James, Ottawa.
Fyles, Rev. T. W., Levis, Que,
Gibbon, Hugh, Miniota, Man.
Gibson, Arthur, Ottawa.
Grant, C. E., Orillia, Ont.
Hanham, A. W,. Victoria, B.C.
Harrington, W. H., Ottawa.
Harvey, R. V., Vancouver, B.C.

Heath, E. F., Cartwright, Man.

Hudson, A. F., Millarville, Alta.

Jones, W. A. Dashwood, New Westmin-
ster, B.C.

Keen, Rev. J. H., Metlakatlah, B.C.

Keele, Jos., Ottawa.

Lyman, H. H., Montreal.

Marmont, L. E., Rounthwaite, Man.

Metcalfe, W., Ottawa.

Moore, W. H., Scotch Lake, N.B.

Perrin, Jos., McNab's Island, Halifax,
N.S.

Sanson, N. B., BanflF, Alta.

Taylor, Rev. G. W., Wellington, B.C.

Venables, E. P., Vernon, B.C.

Walker, Dr. E. M., Toronto.

Willing, T. N., Regina, N.W.T.

Wilson, W. J., Ottawa.

Young, C. H., Hurdman's Bridge, Ont.

96 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

NOTES OF CAPTURES.

Lepidopteea.

(Arranged according to Dyar's List of North American Lepidoptera.
U. S. N. M. Bull. No. 62.)

RROFALOCERA.
(Dyar's number).

21. Papilio brevicauda, Saunders. Larva found at the North-west River
Post of the Hudson Bay Co., on Lake Melville, Ungava, (Lyman).

37. Pontia prptodice, Bdv. & Leo. Second specimen taken at Ottawa,
September 27, (Gibson).

41. Nathalis iole, Bdv. Perfect female taken Sept. 29 at Rounthwaite,
Man., by Mrs. L. E. Marmont. A specimen of this insect was also taken at
Cartwright, about 50 miles S. E. of Rounthwaite by Mr. Heath, about 20
years ago.

64. Eurymus Boothii, Curtis. Lansing River, Yukon Territory, June
24, Leduc River, Y. T., July 4, (Keele). Two fine males.

65. Eurymus eurytheme, Bdv., b. eriphyle, Edw. Millarville, Alta.
Nov. 17; female quite fresh and very small, evidently of a third brood; a
most exceptional record, (Dod).

74. Eurymus palceno, L. Leduc River, Y. T., July 4; Stewart River,
above Boswell, Y. T., 2 males; Eraser Falls, Y. T., (Keele).

92. Euptoieta claudia, Cram. Baltimore, Ont. Larvae in dozens des-
troying pansies, July 11, (T. M. Wood).

98. Argynnis leto, Behr. McLeod, Alta. July 3, 1904, (Willing).

119. Argynnis Edwardsii, Reakirt. Alameda, N. W. T., June 19, 1900,
(Fletcher).

Phyciodes Hanhami, Fletcher. Rounthwaite, Man., July 7, Mar-
mont.

194. Phyciodes Barnesi, Skinner. Okanagan valley, 1895, (C. deB.
Green); Mr. E. M. Anderson, of Victoria, B. C, has shown me some speci-
mens so named by Dr. Dyar; and, having examined into the matter, I have
no doubt that what in the past I have been naming for correspondents as P.
mylitta, Edw. is Barnesi, Skin., which was described by Dr. Skinner for this
similar but much larger species. I have specimens of true mylitta which
were taken at Agassiz and Mission in the Eraser valley, B. C, but had con-
sidered them as merely dwarfs of the form which has since been described
as Barnesi. The males of the two species are much alike. Both are figured
in Holland's Butterfly Book.

209. PoJygonia f annus, Edw. Scotch Lake, N. B., (Moore). This fine
Grapta was remarkably abundant all through Canada this season. As a
rule, it is one of the rarest of the genus, notwithstanding its wide range.

216. Eugonia californica, Bdv. Rounthwaite, August 30, (Marmont).

270. Erehia disa, Thun., a. mancinus, D. & H. Lansing River, Y. T.,
June 24, (Keele).

275. Erehia magdalenfi, Strk. On mountain 12 miles up Hell River,
Y. T., August 2, (Keele). A very rare insect.

282. Co'nonympha hodial, Edw. Lansing River, Y. T., June 24, Leduc
River, Y. T., July 4, (Keele): Atlin, B. C, (sent by T. Bryant).

286. Enodia portlandia. Fab. MacNab's Island, Halifax, N. S., (Per-
rin); Cartwright, Man., July 16 & 22, first time there. ('Heath).

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 97

292. (Eneis jutta, Hbn. Nortli Fork, Stewart Eiver, Y. T., June 22;
Lansing River, Y. T., June 24; Leduc Eiver, Y. T., July 4, (Keele).

ThecJa Johnsoni, Skinner. Vancouver, B.C., end of May, (Draper);
Stanley Park, Vancouver, June 9, 6 sp., (Harvey).

472. Ancyloxyplia nuviitor, Eab. Orillia, Ont., Plentiful, never taken
here before, (Grant).

490. Eryiinis yaivnee, Dodge. Eountbwaite, August 10, (Marmont).

504. Anthomaster leonardus, Harr. Ottawa, Sept. 1904, (Mrs. Nicboll) ;
Britannia, Ottawa, August 23, 1904, (Baldwin). This has been very rare at
Ottawa up to the present time; not taken for 25 years.

555. LiTuochroes himacula, G. & R. London, Ont., (Betkune).

HETEROCERA.

657. Lepisesia flavofasciata, Wlk., a. ulalume, Strk. Evidently remark-
ably abundant this year at Vancouver, where many specimens were taken by
Bush, Draper, Harvey and Jones. Mr. Cockle also caught the species at
Kaslo and secured eggs for rearing.

659. Lepisesia clarhice, Bdv. Victoria, B. C, May 17, 25, 27, (Ander-
son).

701. Sphin\x dritpiferarum, S. & A. Kaslo, June 30, (Cockle); bred
from larvae which were abundant in orchards last year, Vernon, B, C,
(Venables).

705. Sphinx Vancouverensis, Hy. Ed. Wellington, B. C, May 30,
(Taylor).

836. Utetheisa bella, L. Ottawa, Sept. 25, (Fletcher). The second
specimen seen at Ottawa, the other one being taken Sept. 20, 1877.

861, Phragmatobia assimilans, Wlk., a. franconica, Slosson. Ottawa,
June 3, 1899, (Gibson); Meach Lake, Que., May 16 &, 17, (Young).

875. Apantesis virguncula, Kirby. Ottawa, July 6, (Baldwin). A rare
species at Ottawa.

880. Apantesis anna, Grt., a. persephone, Grt. Trenton, June 17,
(Evans).

880. Apantesis nevadensis, G. & R. a. incorrupta, Hy. Edw. Pine
specimens reared at Ottawa by Mr. Gibson from larvae collected by Mr.
Marmont, at Rounthwaite, Man.

891. Apantesis celia, Saunders. Ottawa, pupa May 9, imago June 7,
(Baldwin).

895. Apantesis vdttata, Fah. Ottawa, pupa May 1, imago May 26,
(Baldwin).

895. Apantesis vittata, Pab., b. phalerata, Harr. Trenton, June 20,
(Evans). I doubt very much that this is a variety of vittata.

982. Apatela leporina, L., var. moesta, Dyar. Kaslo,, June 1 at sugar,
(Cockle).

994. Apatela furcifera, Gn. Aiveme, Man., June 6, 29, common at
sugar, (Criddle).

1,000. Apatela quadrata, Grote. Miniota, Man., June 28, 1904,
(Gibbon).

1,004. Apatela superans, Gn. Aweme, June 12, one specimen, first
time taken here, (Criddle).

1,015. Apatela mansueta, Sm. Kaslo, one specimen at sugar, July 1,
(Cockle).

1,075. Baileya Dovhledayi, Gn. Hull, Que., June 3, (Gibson).
1,176. Hadena didonea, Sm. Ottawa, bred from larvae boring m root
shoots of Phalaris ariindinacea, June 26, (Fletcher).

7 EN.

98 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

1212. Hadena passer, Sm. Eegina, N.W.T., July 15, (Fletcher).
Hadena exhausta, Sm. Cartwright, (Heath).

1,221. Hadena ayamiformis, Gn. Ottawa, June 28, (Gibson).

1,247. Hadena cinefacta, Grt. Regina, June 11, 30; July 3, 14, (Will-
ing); Victoria, May 12, (Anderson).

1,273. Polia contadina, Sm. Victoria, Sept. 12, (Anderson).

1,281. Hyppa hmmieicrista, Sm. Victoria, June 6, first one taken for 4
or 5 years, (Anderson).

1,302. Laphygma frugiperda, S. and A. Cartwright, Sept. 29, always
scarce, (Heath). Aweme, Sept. 16, (Griddle).

1,312. Homohadena hadistriga, Grt., var. jijia, Dyar. Yorkton, N.W.T.,
July 28. (Willing); Aweme, July 10, Aug. 3 and 12, (Griddle).

1,333. Oncocnemis Saundersiana, Grt. Aweme, Sept. 9, at light, (Grid-
dle). Very rare in collections.

1,344. Oncocnefmis iricolor, Sm. Aweme, Sept. 1, at light, (Griddle). A
vory rare species.

1,358. Oncocnemis cibalis, Grt. Millarville, Alta., Aug. 27, at light,
not seen for years, (Hudson).

1,354. Oncocnemis viriditincta, Sm. Aweme, Aug. 22 and 31, at light,
(Griddle).

1,370. Adita chionanthi, S. and A. Gartwright, one specimen, Aug. 19,
first specimen appeared here about five years ago,. (Heath).

Rhynchagrotis scopeops, Dyar. Kaslo, Aug. 26, at sugar, (Gockle).
Aplectoides discolor, Sm. (Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Dec, 1905.)
Mouth of Skeena Eiver, June 29. Inverness, E.G., July 16, (Keen).

1,392. Rhynchagrotis minimalis, Grt. Kaslo, July 20-29, at sugar,
(Gockle).

1.426. Semiophora elim.ata, Gn. Kaslo, Aug. 17, (Gockle) ; Meach Lake,
Que., May 8, (Young).

1.427. Semiophora opacifrons, Grt. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 7, (Young).
1,450. Setagrotis infimatis, Grt. Kaslo, Aug. 7, one specimen with a

pink suffusion on upper side of primaries, Aug. 11, (Gockle).

1,453. Agrotis aurulenta, Sm. Aweme, June 16, 1904, (Griddle). A new
locality for the species.

Noctua acnrnea, Sm. (Jl. N. Y. Ent. Soc, Dec, 1905.) Banff,
Alta., July 11, 1902, (Sanson).

1,498. Noctua pyrophiloides, Harvey. Kaslo, Aug. 3 and 20, at light,
(Cockle).

1,500. Noctua havila^, Grt. Gardston, Alta., June 21, 1902, (Fletcher).

1,506. Noctua substrigata, Sm. Rounthwaite, July 20, (Marmont).
Feltia ohliqva, Sm. Millarville, May 25, at light, (Dod).

1,588. Paragrotis hrocha, Morr. Vernon, Aug., (Venables).

1,590. Paragrotis cogitans, Sm. Millarville, Aug. 10, at light. One
male only previously taken, (Hudson).

1,623. Paragrotis detersa, Wlk. Larva found at Youghall, N.B., on
saltwort, Salsola kali. Very much like that of Paragrotis scandens, E-iley.-
Moth emerged at Ottawa, Sept. 6, (Fletcher).

1,660. Paragrotis incaJUda, Sm. Millarville, Aug. 27, (Hudson) ; July
21, very rare of recent years, (Dod).

1,693. Paragrotis mollis, Wlk. Millarville, at light, July 30, a great
rarity, (Hudson).

Paragrotis nesilens, Sm. Gartwright, July 3, (Heath) ; Aweme,
July 10, (Griddle); Millarville, July 17, Aug. 25, at light, (Hudson).

7a ento.

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 99

Paragrotis maimes, Sm. Cartwright, one at sugar, Sept. 4, always
a rarity, (Heath); Millarville, Aug. 12 and 27, (Hudson). This is the species
previously known in Canada as Riding siana, Grt., which, however, is a south-
ern species.

1.731. Paragrotis acutifrons, Sm. Cartwright, at sugar, a single speci-
men, (Heath).

1.732. Paragrotis nordica, Sm. Millarville, at light, July 28, (Hudson).
1,881. Baraihra occidentata, Grt. Abundant from middle of June to 1st

of July at Ottawa, (Young, Gibson, Baldwin, Fletcher). Specimens also
sent from Nova Scotia, (Dr. C. A. Ham;ilton), Quebec, (Fyles), and also
found at Nepigon.

1,885. Morrisonia sectilis, Gn., a. vomerina, Grt. Toronto, May 9, 1898,
(Gibson); Aweme, May 16, (Criddle).

1,910. Scoto gramma uniformis, Sm. Kaslo, at light, Aug. 8, (Cockle).

1,953. Heliophila unipuncta, Haw. Wellington, B.C., March 2, (Bry-
ant).

2,026. Graphiphora peredia, Grt. Cartwright, at sugar, Aug. 8, several
subsequently, (Heath).

2,096. Xylina amanda, Sm. Cartwright, at sugar, Aug. 31, (Heath).

Xylina anciUa. Sm. Cartwright, at sugar, Aug. 31, Sept. 3,
(Heath).

2,142. Bancora strigata, Sm. Yernon, Ap. 5, (Venables).

2,175. Papaipema Harrisii, Grt. Bred from Heracleum lanatum on the
Restigouche Eiver, N.B., (Lyman); Cartwright, one specimen, (Heath).

2.179. Papaipema niteJa, Gn. Fargo, Ont. Although frequently re-
corded from Canada as a pest on potatoes and corn, these are the first speci-
mens I have actually seen. Most of the previous records referred to P. cata-
phracta. Larvae buried at Ottawa, Aug. 2, and moths appeared Sept. 6.
(Fletcher.)

Papaipema thaUctri, Lyman, var. perobsoleta, Lyman. Bred from
roots of Thalictrmn cornvti at Montreal West, (Lyman).

2.180. Papaipema nelita, Strk. Cartwright, one at light, (Heath).
2,184. Papaipema frigida, Sm. Cartwright, at light, Aug. 8. This is

a rarity and is somewhat like a large nelita, (Heath.)

2,205. Conservula anodonta, Gn. Meach Lake, Que., July l2, (Young).

2,288. Nycterophoita luna, Morr. Rounthwaite, May 25, 1901, (Mar-
mont); Millarville, July 6, asleep on thistle head in sunshine, open prairie
near Red Deer River, 50 miles north-east of Gleichen, (Dod). Mr. Marmont's
record was sent in in 1901 but was accidentally overlooked.

MeJicleptria se.xata, Sm. Aweme, July 21, (Criddle).

2,473. Polychrysia formosa, Grt. Meach Lake, Que., Aug. 15, (Young).

2,494. Autographa rubidus, Ottol. Meach Lake, Que., June 5, (Young).

2,496. Autographa brassicce, Riley. Kaslo, common, (Cockle) ; Yan-
couver, June 14, (Anderson); Ottawa, Aug. 16, (Gibson); Rounthwaite,
common, Marmont).

2,551. Marasmalus inflcita, Wlk. Orillia, at light, (Grant); Montreal,
July 1, (Chagnon).

"^2,555. Alabama argillacea, Hbn. Cartwright, Sept. 1, (Heath); Levis,
Que., (Fyles). The Cotton Moth was abundant in many places in eastern
Canada for a few days in the beginning of Sept., but not in such numbers
as it sometimes appears.

2,623. Prothymia rhodarialis, Wlk. Orillia, at light, (Grant).

2,766. Melipotis fasciolaris, Hbn. ' Ottawa, at rest in yard, July 6, (Bald-
win). A remarkable capture. The species is a native of the West Indies

100 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

and was probably brought in witb bananas. The Ottawa Fruit Exchange
building is close to Mr. Baldwin's bouse.

2,788. Syneda ochracea, Behr. Vernon, June, (Venables).

2,844. Catocala augusta, Hy. Edw. Kaslo, (Cockle).

2,858. Catocala coccinata, Grt. Cartwright, two or three each year. This
is much smaller than parta, though like it at first sight, (Heath).

Bomolocha lutalha, Sm. Cartwright, July 10, (Heath).

3,072. Bomolocha torevta, Grt. Aweme, June 18, (Criddle).

3,128. Dasylophia thyatiroides, Wlk. Ottawa, June 24, (Young) ; To-
ronto, June 6, (Gibson).

3,147. lanassa pallida, Strk. Kaslo, Aug. 3, (Cockle).

3,211. Tolype laricis, Fitch. Orillia, two specimens at light, (Grant).

3,226. Oreta rosea, Wlk. St. John's, Que., July 29, (Chagnon). The
larva feeds on Viburnum cassinoides in peat bogs.

6,606. Sthenopis ihule, Strk. Ottawa, July 6, (Gibson). This is the only
specimen so far known with certainty to have been taken at any other place
than Montreal. Mr. Gibson also saw two more specimens the following even-
ing; but, although sought for carefully then and for several days afterwards,
no others were seen.

6,608. Hepialus hyperboreus, Moesch. Kaslo, one specimen, bright red-
dish orange, no silver, (Cockle).

COLEOPTERA.

(Arranged according to Henshaw's List of the Coleoptera of America, North

of Mexico.

25f. Cicindela limbalis, Kl. Calgary, May 17, (Willing).
34. CincindeJa pusiJla, Say. Rounthwaite, Man., Aug. 24, (Marmont),
Vernon, B.C., an almost immaculate specimen, (Venables); Okanagan Falls,
B.C., July 20, 1895, (Fletcher).

156. Elaphrus Lecontei, Crotch. Olds, Alta., June, (Willing).

184. Nebria diversa, Eec. Albert Head, Vancouver Island, B.C., Aug.
1, under drift among sand dunes, very active and pale in color like the sand,
(Hanham).

1,216. Amphizoa Lecontei, Matth. Vernon, (Venables). Quite a rare
species, but known from several places in the Rocky Mountain system (Wick-
ham.)

1,696. Necrophorus Sayi, Lap. Montreal, Sept. 27, at light, (Chagnon).

1,707. Silpha tritiiberculata, Kirby. Tofield, Alta., July 27, (Willing).

2,180. Philonthus discoideus, Gray. Trenton, Aug. 20, (Evans); Ot-
tawa, one specimen, (Harrington).

2,115. Quedius vernix, Lee. Montreal, under dead leaves, Sept. 2,
(Chagnon).

2,128. Staphylinus erythropterus, L. Ottawa, flying, May 4, (Gibson).
This rare and beautiful species resembles badipes, but has red elytra and
two rows of golden spots, one down each side of dorsum.

2,434. Stenus croceatus, Casey. Trenton, Sept. 17, (Evans); Ottawa,
Oct. 10, (Harrington).

2,825. LathrimccuTTi pictum, Fauv. Goldstream, B.C., abundant in
Skunk cabbage, Lysichiton, early in the season, (Hanham).

2,854. Homalium rufipes, Fauv. Trenton, May 15, (Evans).

3,043a. Hippodamia moesta, Lee. Goldstream, Victoria, a late summer
species, rare, found on thistles, etc., (Hanham).

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 101

3,118. Hyperasyis postica, Lee. Goldstream, by sweeping, August,
(Hanham). Described from California.

3,168, Scymnus Phelpsii, Cr. Victoria, on fences, Sept., (Hanham).

3,179, Phymaphora pulchella, Newm. Montreal, on dead birch partly
covered with fungi, Sept. 29, (Chagnon).

3.223. Mycotretus pulchra, Say. Trenton, Aug. 26, (Evans). Rare at
Ottawa in fungus.

3,403. Triphyllus elongatus, Lee. Goldstream, early summer, (Han-
ham).

3,505. Hister sedecimstriatus, Say. Montreal, in cow dung, June 15,
(Chagnon).

3,971. Macropogon testaceipennis, Mots. Goldstream, June 28, beaten
off Arbutus Menziesii only; rare, (Hanham).

3,984. Arceopus Tnonachus, Lee. A^ernon, (Venables).

3,993. Eucinetus terminalis, Lee. Montreal, from sweepings in marshy
land, Sept. 21, (Chagnon).

4,083. Adelocera profusa, Canad. Yernon, under pine bark, May, (Ven-
ables).

4,218. Elater nigrinus, Payk. Trenton, June 20, (Evans).

4.224. Elater mtiosus, Lee. St. Hilaire, Que., July 1, (Chagnon); Ot-
tawa, one specimen, (Harrington).

4,247. Elater ohliquus. Say, Trenton, June 30, (Evans).

4,343. Melanotus Sagittarius, Lee, Montreal, May 4, (Chagnon); Ot-
tawa, one specimen, in spring, (Harrington).

4,369. Limonius subauratus, Lee. Vancouver, May 16, (Harvey).

4,382. Pityobius anguinus, Lee, Six specimens of this fine elater were
taken at electric light, Ottawa, June 28, (Gibson and Baldwin),

4,474. Corymhites sagitticollis, Esp. Vancouver, May 16, (Harvey),

4,498, Corymbites rotundicollis , Say, Specimens of the Pacific form that
passes by this name were taken by Mr, Hanham at sugar and on fences,
(Wiekham.)

4,587. Dicer ca sexualis, Cr. Vancouver, June 20, (Harvey).

4,738. Agrilus acutipennis, Mann. St. John's, Que., June 25, (Chag-
non).

4,836, Photinus marginellus, Lee, Rare at Ottawa, (Harrington); Tren-
ton, Aug. 8, (Evans).

5,020. Endeodes coUaris, Lee. Albert Head, Victoria, Aug. 3, on sandy
beach under moist seaweed, (Hanham); all of our species of Endeodes are
found in such locations along the Pacific coast and are remarkable for their
curious short elytra. (Wiekham.)

5,164. Clerus spinolce, Lee. Victoria, (Anderson).

5,177. Clerus nigriventris, Lee. Vernon, (Venables).

5,356. Amphicerus bicaudatus, Say. Regina, Oct. 6, 1900, ("Willing).
Donoderus pacificus, Casey. Banff, Alta., July 13, (Willing).

5,432. Canthon simplex. Lee. Vernon, (Harvey).

5,439. Onthophagus janvs, Panz, Trenton, May 9, (Evans).

5,557, Aphodius scabiceps, Lee. Aweme, Sept. 19, (Criddle). Described
from Colorado and so far not reported from any other locality. (Wiekham.)

5,659. Dichelonycha testacea, Kirby. Saltcoats, N.W.T., July 12, (Wil-
ling).

6,233. Centrodera decolorata, Harr. Montreal, June 14, at light, (Chag-
non).

6,428. Liopus fascicularis, Harr. Trenton, July 9, rare, (Evans).

102 THE REPORT OF THE No. 10

6,478. Saperda calcarata, Say, var. adspersa, Lee. St. Jolm's, Que.,
Aug. 27, (Chagnon).

6,560 (10,337). Syneta hamata, Horn. Vernon, May, (Venables).

6,599. Saxinis saucia, Lee. Vernon, (Venables).

6,959. Disonycha rufa, 111. St. Hilaire, Que., on willows, June 28,
(Chagnon).

7,303. Ccelus ciliatus, Esch. Vietoria. Prof. Wiekham so names the
species I recorded as glohosus in last Ent. Record. (Hanham.)

7,396. C oelocneTnis dilaticollis , Mann. Goldstream. This is our largest
Tenebrionid. It ocurs rarely on dry hillsides under logs, etc., August and
later, (Hanham).

7,484. Uloma longula, Lee. Goldstream, July, under bark of fallen
Douglas fir, (Hanham).

7,666. Serropalpus barbatus, Sehall. Oak Bay, Vietoria, B.C., Sept. 1,
at sugar, (Hanham).

7,724. Calopus augustus, Lee. Enderby, B.C., April, (Venables).

7,729. Ditylus gracilis, Lee. Vancouver, (Harvey).

Xanthochroa testacea, Horn. Albert Head, beaten from Spircea, July
31, (Hanham). As yet this (Edemerid is. rare in collections. (Wiekham.)

7,872. Eury genius campanulatus, Lee. Goldstream, June, only taken on
the ground in cultivated fields, (Hanham).

7,874. Stereopalpus vestitus, Say (badiipennis, Lee). Sandhills near the
big Douglas swamp, Manitoba, June, (Hanham).

8,240. Trigonoscuta pilosa, Mots. Vietoria, among roots on. sea beach,
one pair, (Hanham). Not uncommon further south, but this Vancouver
Island record is of interest. (Wiekham.)

8,270. Amnesia decorata, Lee. Goldstream, occasional under stones,
(Hanham).

8,349. Sitones crinitus, Gyll. (following LeConte). Olds, June 5, (Wil-
ling).

8,357. Trichalophus simpJex, Lee. Regina, July and August, (Willing).

8,526. Cleomis vittatus, Kirby. Vietoria, one pair, (Hanham). Uncom-
mon so far north. (Wiekham.)

8,641. AnthonovHis sycophanta, Kirby. Olds, in a gall on willow, Sept.
5, (Willing). Occurs from New Hampshire to District of Columbia, from
Oregon to Southern California. (Wiekham.)

8,687. Froctorus armatus, Lee. North of Olds, June. Prof. Wiekham
says this is very rare in collections, (Willing).

9,207. Allandrus bifasciatus, Lee. Abernethy, N.W.T., June 28, (Wil-
ling).

Oethoptera.

Some collections have been made of Orthoptera, but even yet this im-
portant field for good work is almost untouched. Dr. Walker, of Toronto,
has been in Europe during the greater part of the past collecting season;
but one or two other students have taken up the study, and it is probable
that next year will show a considerable advance in our knowledge of Cana-
dian locusts and their allies. The following records of species of some in-
terest have been received : —

Ageneotettix Scudderii, Brun. Aweme, Aug. 1, (Criddle).

Amphitornus bicolor, Thom. Aweme, July 21, Aug. 1, (Criddle).

Arphia pseudonietana, Thom. Aug. 12, Vernon, (Venables).

Chloealtis conspersa, Harr. This is conspersa, but is colored like the
western abdominalis. The sides of the pronotum are not shining black as in

19<)6 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 103

all tlie specimens of conspersa I have seen before, but are dark only in tlie
upper half as in ahdominalis. The latter is a E-ocky Mountain form which
I have taken at Banff and in Manitoba, and also along the Severn River,
Ont. (Walker.) The above specimens were taken on Anticosti Island by Dr.
J . Schmitt in 1903.

Chloealtis conspersa, Harr., var. prima, Morse. Grimsby, Ont., Aug.
22, 1904, (Metcalfe), also recorded from Lake Simcoe by Walker. (A. N.
Caudell.)

Conocephalus nebrascensis, Brun. Grimsby, Aug. 12, Sept. 3, 1894,
(Metcalfe).

Cordillacris cinerea, Brun. Aweme, July 7, Aug. 8, (Criddle).

Gomphocerus clavatus, Thom. New Lunnon, Alta., July 22, (Fletcher);
Aweme, (Griddle).

Hippiscus latifasciatuSy Scudd. Aweme, June 15, (Criddle).

Hippiscus tigrinus, Scudd. Aweme, May 25, (Criddle).

Mecostethus gracilis, Scudd. New Lunnon, Alta., July 27, (Fletcher);
Aweme, Sept. 6, (Criddle).

Mecostethus lineatus, Scudd. Anticosti Island, (Dr. Schmitt). Male
and female. These differ from Ontario specimens in having a dark ring
on the hind tibiae near the base, and in the shorter tegmina and wings; the
female also differs in the pronotum, which is more contracted before the
middle. (E. M. Walker.)

Melanoplus hilituratus, Walk. Aweme, July 4, (Fletcher and Criddle).

Melanoplus Dawsoni tellustris, Scudd. Aweme, (Criddle).

Melanoplus extremus Junius, Dodge. Aweme, July 7, (Criddle and
Fletcher).

Melanoplus fasciatus volaticus, Scudd. Edmonton, Alta., (Fletcher).

Nemobius griseus, Walk. Toronto, Oct. 8, 1903, (Metcalfe).

Spharagemon Bolli, Scudd. Aweme, July 27, (Criddle).

Stenobothrus acutus^ Morse. Edmonton, Alta., (Fletcher).

Stirapleura decvssata, Scudd. Aweme, May 24, (Criddle).

Tettix ornatus triangularis, Scudd. Toronto, April 4, 1904, (Metcalfe).

T rimer otr opts citrina, Scudd. Vernon, B.C., Aug. 25, (Yenables).

Odonata.

This order has not yet received from Canadian entomologists the atten-
tion which it deserves; but an effort will be made to draw more attention to
it, as there are doubtless a great many interesting species in Canada which
have not yet been recorded. The few collections which have been submitted
to specialists, have all contained species of interest, and this attractive order
presents a field well worthy of study. The life-histories of many species are
unknown, and the habits of the larvae of all make them very desirable objects
for an aquarium. Dr. E. M. Walker, of Toronto, has collected for some
time and has now a collection of about 65 species found in Ontario. He has
kindly named any specimens I have submitted to him, and the following
notes are made from letters which he has written. The species mentioned
are the most interesting of a large number which have been submitted to
him or which he has taken himself recently.

Calopteryx orqvabilis, Say. Algonquin Park, Ont., July 25, 1900, (Prof.
John Macoun). The same locality, Aug. 31, 1902, (Dr. E. M. Walker).

Ophiogomphus rupinsvlensis, Walsh. North Iliver, Algonquin Park,
Aug. 13 to 30, 1902-03, (Walker).

Hagenius brevistylus, Selys. Lake Simcoe, July, Algonquin Park, Aug.
20, (Walker).

104 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

Lanthus alhistylus, Selys. iNorth. River, Algonquin Park, Aug, 14,
(Walker).

Somatochlora forcipata, Scudd. A very rare and interesting species of
northern range. One male, Algonquin Park, July 15, (Macoun) ; Isle of
Orleans, Que., Aug. 30, (Walker).

Gomphus Scudderi, Selys. North. River, Algonquin Park, Aug. 20,
1903; Aug. 30, 1902, (Walker).

Gomphus furcifer, Hagen. High Park and East Toronto, June 15,
(Walker).

Dr onto gomphus spinosus, Selys. Lake Simcoe, July to Sept., (Walker).

Macromia illinoiensis, Walsh. Lake Simcoe, July to August, Algon-
quin Park, Aug., (Walker).

DoTocordulia libera, Selys. Lake Simcoe, July 8, (Walker).

Ladona julia, Uhler. Algonquin Park, July 5, (Macoun).

TraTnea Carolina, L. One male of this fine large southern dragon fly
was taken by Dr. E. M. Walker, in High Park, Toronto, May 24, 1904.

DiPTERA.

(Arranged according to a Catalogue of North American Diptera by J. M.

Aldrich (Smithsonian Mis. Col. XLVI. No. 1,444.) The numbers refer

to the pages of the Catalogue.)

166. Bibio nigripiluSy Loew. Common in April, Vancouver, (Harvey);
Victoria, (Anderson).

179. Sargus decorus, Say. Victoria, (Anderson).

202. Tahanus captonis. Marten. Mt. Arrowsmith, B.C., July 28,
(Fletcher).

203. Tahanus epistatus, 0. S. Sumner, N.W.T., June 23, 1903, (Wil-
ling); Deloraine, Man., Ottawa, June 23, 1903, (Fletcher).

204. Tahanus illotus, 0. S. Moosomin, N.W.T., June 23; Tantallon,
N.W.T., July 23; Prince Albert, N.W.T., July 23, (Willing); Indian Head,
N.W.T., July 1, (Fletcher).

204. Tahanus lasiophthalmuSy MacG. Ottawa, 29 May, (Fletcher).

204. Tahanus lineola, Fab. Ottawa, Aug. 8, (Fletcher).

I'ahanus Oshurni, Hine. Deloraine, Man., 1902, (Fletcher).

207. Tahanus Reinwardtii, Wied. Millarville, Alta., July 27, 1903,
(Dod).

207. Tahanus septentrionalis , Loew. McLeod, Pincher, Pine Creek,
Spruce Grove, Tofield, all N.W.T., July 2-27, (Willing).

207. Tahanus sonomensis, 0. S. June 20, Vancouver, (Harvey); Mt.
Arrowsmith, B.C., July 28, (Fletcher).

209. Tahanus vivax, 0. S. Little Current River, Hudson Bay slope, 22
July, 1903, (Wilson).

209. Tahanus zonalis, Kirby. Mamamattawa, Hudson Bay slope, 21
June, 1903, (Wilson).

230. Anthrax euTnenes, 0. S. Victoria, (Anderson).

259. Cyrtopogon dasylloides, Will. Victoria, (Anderson).

351. Paragus hicolor, Fab. Victoria, (Anderson).

352. Chilosia lasiophthalmus, Will. Victoria, (Anderson).

361. Melanostoma stegnum, Say. Common, end of April, Vancouver,
(Harvey).

363. Didea laoca, 0. S. One male, April 24, Vancouver, (Harvey).

363. Lasiophthalmus pyrastri, L. Victoria, (Anderson).

364. Syrphus americanus, Wied. Common, April-May, Vancouver,
(Harvey).

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 105

365. Syrphus diversipes, Macq. Common, April-May, Vancouver, (Har-
vey).

366. Syrphus macularis, Zett. Victoria, (Anderson).

366. Syrphus intrudens, 0. S. Common, April-May, Vancouver, (Har-
vey).

368. Syrphus torvus, 0. S. Common, April-May, Vancouver, (Harvey).

382. Sericomyia chalcopyga, Loew. Victoria, (Anderson).

383. Pyritis Kincaidii, Coq. Victoria, (Anderson).
400. Chrysochlamys croesus, 0. S. Victoria, (Anderson).

402. Criorhina Kincaidi, Coq. Common, March to May, at willows and
salmon-berry, Ruhus spectahiUs, Vancouver, (Harvey).

403. Criorhina tricolor, Coq. Two at end of May, Vancouver, (Harvey).

404. Spilomyia fusca, Loew. One pair, Trenton, Ont., Aug. 27, (Evans).
430. Clausicella Johnsoni, Coq. Ottawa, 26 June, (Metcalfe).

472. Blepharipeza adusta, Loew. April 30, Vancouver, (Harvey).
489. Epalpus bicolor, Will. One, Sept., Vancouver, (Harvey).
520. Calliphora viridescens, Desv. Victoria, (Anderson).
525. Pyrellia cyanicolor, Zett. Common, April, Vancouver, (Harvey).
563. Lispa tentaculata, Be G. Victoria, (Anderson).

A good many flies have been collected during 1905, but very few of the
eastern records sent in are of special interest. Those given above are almost
all from the west, and most of them are additions to the Canadian list. All
the identifications have been made by leading specialists.

INJURIOUS INSECTS OF THE FLOWER GARDEN.

By Arthur Gibson, Division of Entomology, Central Experimental

Farm, Ottawa.

Growers of flowering plants in gardens are often troubled with insect
enemies of various kinds. Some of these attack the foliage, others the flow-
ers, while others again bore into the stems and even into the roots. As the
subject is an important one, an efPort has been made to bring together such
information as we had concerning certain little-known species, and to add,
at the same time, short notes on some of the more regularly occurring pests in
flower gardens, some of which may appear in destructive numbers during
any season.

Injurious insects may be divided into two classes : (1) those kinds which
bite their food, such as caterpillars, beetles, etc., and (2) those which suck up
their food in a liquid form, by means of their beaks, such as the true bugs,
plant lice, etc. When insects, therefore, are noticed doing harm to any
plant, the first thing to do is to decide by the nature of the injury to what
class they belong. If they are biting insects, some poison, such as Paris
green, must be placed upon the food which will be eaten with it. If, how-
ever, they are sucking insects, some material which will kill by contact, such
as kerosene emulsion, or whale oil soap, must be used. For the convenience
of applying liquid applications to the foliage of plants a small spraying
pump will be found useful. Good hand pumps suitable for use in ordinary
flower gardens may be now purchased at a small cost, but it will pay in the
end to get a good pump, even if this should be a few dollars more.

There are some insects, such as the borers, which cannot be reached by
any outside application of spraying materials. Injury to plants by these
insects, which work inside the stems and roots, is often of a serious nature

106

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

and should be met with preventive remedies. In some cases the only thing
to do is to cut out the infested part if this is possible, or destroy the whole
plant so as to reduce the numbers of the insect.

It must be remembered, however, that all insects which occur in gardens
are not injurious kinds. There are beneficial ones as well, which are continu-
ally doing good by destroying those species which do harm. These beneficial
kinds should all be known to the gardener. Foremost amongst them are the
different kinds of ladybird beetles (Fig. 35), which, both in their larval and
adult stages feed almost exclusively upon plant-lice and scale insects.

"ti

Ladv-bird beetles.

b

Fig. 36. Lace-wing fly ; eggs much magni-
fied ; the fly, showing one pair of wings only ; the
eggs on their stalks ; the larva.

Another kind of beetle, the Fiery Ground beetle, Calosoma calidum, Fab.,
is a particularly useful insect. This beetle, and its voracious black- grub,
which is called the Cut\vorm Lion, destroy enormous numbers of cutworms.
TEe beetle shown in the figure is brownish black, with the wing cases spotted
with coppery red in nearly all the eastern specimens. The appearance and
habits of this good friend should be known to everyone. (Fig. 37.)

Other well-known beneficial insects belong to the parasitic Hymenoptera,
four-winged flies, and to the Diptera, or two-winged flies. The females of
these large groups of flies deposit their eggs upon or in the bodies of cut-
worms and other injurious caterpillars. These eggs soon hatch and the young
larvae at once begin to feed upon the living caterpillar, which of course soon
dies. The different kinds of Lace-wing flies (Chrysopa species) (Fig. 36) are
also good friends of the gardener, their larvae working particularly among
the plant lice.

Fig. 37. The Fiery Ground-
beetle and its larva, the Cut-
worm Lion.

Fig. 38. Agrotis ypsilon
cut worm and moth.

INSECT PESTS OF IMPORTANCE.

Cutworms. These destructive insects are very troublesome in flower
gardens, and when they are at all abundant no plants seem to be exempt from
their attacks. The moths of some of the species lay their eggs in fall, others
in spring, and some species pass the winter either as a pupa or a half-grown

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

107

larva. Their ravages are most noticeable in the spring, just as young seed-
lings appear above the ground, or when annual plants have been set out. As
they feed chiefly at night, their injury is quite apparent in the morning,
when plants may be seen to have been cut or eaten off at the surface, or even
a little below it. If the earth around such plants is examined, coiled up,
dirty gray, or reddish brown, smooth caterpillars, about an inch or more in
length, will be seen. Around some plants the writer has found as many as
nineteen. They are all of some dull shade of color similar to the ground in
which they hide during the day. When they occur in large numbers and
their food supply is short, they feed by day as well as by night. In Ontario
the two kinds which have given the most trouble in flower gardens are the
Red-backed Cutworm, Paragrotis ochrogaster, Gn., and the Dark-sided Cut-
worm Paragrotis 7nessoria, Harr. These two cutworms often occur together
and it is sometimes difl&cult to distinguish between the two. Other cut-
worms w^hich are present in some numbers almost every season, and which
occasionally do serious damage, are the White Cutworm, Paragrotis scandens,
Riley, the Spotted Cutworm, Noctua c-nigru7n, L,, and the Greasy Cutworm,
Agrotis ypsiJon, Rott. (Fig. 38). The Variable Cutworm, Mamestra atlant-
ica, Grt., the moths of which are very abundant some seasons, may at any
time do harm. (Fig. 39 shows another common moth of this family.)

During the past season, another kind of cutworm, that of Barathra occi-
dentata, Grt., made its first appearance in Canada as a pest of importance.
The moths of this species were very abundant at Ottawa in June, and later
the larvae appeared in considerable numbers and did serious damage to lark-
spurs, bleeding hearts, pansies, violets, etc.

As the habits of cutworms are very similar, the same remedy is applic-
able to all the species. As soon as their presence in a garden is detected, the
well-known poisoned bran remedy, which has lately come into such wide use,
should be applied. This is made by simply moistening some bran with a
little sweetened water and gently dusting in Paris green, so that all the
particles of the bran will be poisoned. The whole should be mixed thoroughly
together and then placed in small quantities near, but not touching, the
plants to be protected. Half a pound of Paris green is sufficient to poison
fifty pounds of bran.

Fig. 39. Agrotis Subgothica.

Fig. 40. Wire worm and beetle.

White Grubs. {Lachno sterna.) The roots of many kinds of flowering
plants are often eaten by the larvae of May Beetles, or June Bugs. These
larvae, which are known as White Grubs, usually occur in land which has
been in sod for several years. (See Fig. 6.) During the past season at Ot-
tawa the roots of asters and other annuals were eaten, causing the death of

108 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

many plants. As these White Grubs take so long to come to maturity, there
is no time during the growing season that they do not attack plants. Un-
fortunately the only remedy which has given any degree of success in garden
practice, is the ploughing or digging up of the land in late autumn, by which
time the larvae will have made their winter cells ; but where many perennials
are grown this would be difficult. This disturbing of the soil in autumn
breaks up their cells and exposes the larvae and pupae to the cold of winter.
In spring, when the ground is dug again, all White Grubs seen should be
picked up and destroyed. At this time if it is at all possible, should the in-
festation be severe, poultry or pigs may be turned into the garden. These
animals are very fond of White Grubs and it is claimed they will soon rid a
piece of land of them. In cities and towns it would hardly be possible to use
pigs for this purpose, but poultry might in many cases be used to advantage.

WiREw^ORMS. (Fig. 40.) Occurring sometimes with White Grubs,
but more often by themselves, are slender yellowish, or reddish-brown, shin-
ing grubs, which feed on the roots of almost all kinds of plants, and have
somewhat the same habits as the White Grubs. These are Wireworms, the
larvae of the Click-beetles. The digging up or disturbing of the soil twice in
autumn, first in August, to destroy the tender pupae, and in October or later,
which will expose the newly formed beetles to the cold of winter, as men-
tioned under White Grubs, is also of use in reducing the numbers of this
class of insects.

Tarnished Plant Bug. Lygus pratensis, L. This common plant
bug is troublesome, more or less, in gardens almost every season. When
it is very abundant it is a difficult insect to combat. It not only sucks
the juices from the leaves, but also attacks the flowers of many annual and
perennial plants, causing them to become distorted. The spraying of the
infested plants with kerosene emulsion or whale oil soap may be resorted to,
or they may be dusted with insect powder, but these remedies are not always
satisfactory. These bugs are most active during the heat of the day, but in
the early morning they are comparatively sluggish, at which time they may
be beaten off the plants into an inverted umbrella and then put into some re-
ceptacle containing coal oil and water. As this insect passes the winter in
the perfect state, all garden rubbish should be burned in the fall. This prac-
tice of cleaning up gardens is important, as it reduces the shelters which
harbor this and many other kinds of injurious insects.

The Four-Lined Leaf-Bug. Poecilocapsus lineatus, Fab. Another
plant biig which is very destructive at times, and which is a bright greenish-
yellow insect, three-tenths of an inch long, with two black spots on the
thorax and four stripes of the same color down the back, is the Four-lined
Leaf-bug. This insect, unlike the Tarnished Plant Bug, passes the winter
in the e^^ state, the eggs being laid in the autumn in the terminal twigs of
currant and other bushes. The eggs hatch the following spring and the
young nymphs at once begin to feed on the foliage, which soon becomes
spotted with brown. The eggs are white and once they are known, it does
not take very long to looK over a bush and clip off the shoots containing them.
When the insects have been troublesome during the summer, the eggs should
be looked for in the fall and destroyed. A strong kerosene emulsion (1 to 6)
will reduce the numbers of the nymphs and perfect insects. Pyrethrum in-
sect powder dusted on the plants is also useful, as well as the beating of the
insects into open pans containing coal oil and water. The plants most at-
tacked in gardens are sage, mint, gooseberry, currant, weigelias, dahlias and
snap-dragon.

1906

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

109

Fig. 41. Plant-lice.

Fig. 42. Plant-lice.

Plant Lice. (Figs. 41 and 42.) This class of injurious insects, which
are chiefly known from their attacks on shrubs and trees of various kinds,
as well as upon plants in vegetable gardens, are every year the cause of much
damage in flower gardens. Some seasons their injuries are very serious, the
growth of many flowering plants being stunted or completely destroyed.
There are a great many different kinds of plant lice, or aphids, in Canada,
but most of these have in general the same feeding habits. They are all
sucking insects and live solely on the juices which they extract from their
host plant. Some kinds feed on the under side of the foliage, others cluster
on the stems of plants, and others again are found attacking the roots.
Those which feed on the foliage often cause the leaves to curl and become
conspicuously distorted.

One species in particular about which much enquiry is made in Ontario,
is the Snowball Plant-louse. Large clusters of these insects are found on
the under surface of the leaves, which soon become drawn up, giving a very
unsightly appearance to this beautiful and popular bush.

When plant lice are first noticed the plants should be sprayed with kero-
sene emulsion, or whale oil soap. The dark kinds are the more difficult to
kill, and the solution used will have to be stronger. Whale oil soap, one
pound in four gallons of water, will be necessary. During the past year
some new methods of making kerosene emulsion have been devised by Mr. F.
T. Shutt, Chemist at the Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa. One of these
emulsions is worthy of notice here and is particularly applicable for immedi-
ate use in gardens and over small areas. This is made by mixing two ounces
of flour in a little scalding water, afterwards adding one quart of kerosene,
and then two gallons of water, stirring the whole thoroughly for a few min-
utes.

/

Fig. 43. Blister-beetles.

Blister Beetles, Epicauta pennsylvanica, De G., (Fig. 43), Epicauta
vittata, Fab., (Fig. 44), and Macrohasis unicolor, Kirby. These active, soft-
bodied, beetles, from their habit of suddenly appearing in large numbers,
often do much damage in gardens before their presence is detected. They

110 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

have a great variety of food plants, among which are the various kinds of
China and German asters, dahlias, and some other Compositae. As a rule
Blister Beetles only do damage in years following excessive locust outbreaks.
In their larval state, as is well known, they are predaceous parasites on the
eggs of grasshoppers, and therefore when the beetles appear in numbers it
is undesirable to destroy them if this can be avoided. Although the attack
is generally severe while it lasts, the period during which Blister Beetles
injure vegetation is not of long duration, and, besides this, they do not occur
injuriously every year. Like other leaf-eating insects, however, these beetles
can be destroyed by spraying the plants with a Paris green, or other arsen-
ical, mixture. In small gardens a simpler remedy is to beat them into a pan,
or other shallow vessel, containing water with a little coal oil on the top.

T^. ,_ r^i X, i.1 Fig. 46. Rose beetle.

V Ai Hi ■ A ^^' Flea-beetle. *

Blister-beetle. " '"'^^ (^^"^^ enlarged.)

Flea-Beetles. (Fig. 45.) The foliage of some kinds of garden plants
is often partly, or wholly, devoured by small active beetles, which leap like
fleas, owing to which habit they are known by the name of flea-beetles.
There are a number of different species in Canada, two of which specially
are responsible for much damage. In early spring at Ottawa, the white
flowers of the favorite border and rockery plant, Alpine Rock Cress, Arahis
alpina, L., are nearly every year injured, some seasons very seriously, by
Phyllot/eta vittata, Fab., which, on account of its great destructiveness to
tlie leaves of turnips, is called the Turnip Flea-beetle. The perfect beetles
are about one-eighth of an inch long and in color are black, shining, with
yellowish marks on the wings. On several occasions the Red-headed Flea-
beetle, Systena froixtalis, Fab., has been the cause of much injury in the
Botanic Garden of the Central Experimental Farm. (Report Entomologist
and Botanist, Dom. Exp. Farms, 1889.) Young plants and low shrubs of a
great many orders were attacked, their ravages being particularly to some
species of AJthcca, Hibiscus and Weigelia. Injury was all done by the per-
fect beetles, few plants appearing to come amiss to them. This flea-beetle
is about one-fourth of an inch long and has a black head with a red patch on
the top of the head in front. In August last the beetles were very abundant
at Ottawa, particularly on the second crop of clover. Another flea-beetle
which has not yet been identified is occasionally destructive at Ottawa to
Forget-me-nots. Paris green and land plaster, or flour, in the proportion of
one pound of the former to twenty of the dry diluent, dusted on infested
plants, if possible when they are covered with dew, is one of the best reme-
dies against these troublesome insects. The ordinary poisoned Bordeaux
mixture is particularly effective against flea-beetles when applied as a
spray, and indeed has been found to be by far the best remedy for controlling
the Potato Flea-beetle, Eyitrix cucumeris, Harr.

The Rose Beetle, Macrodactylus suhspinosus, Fab. (Fig. 46.) This
common enemy of the fruit-grower, known also as the "Rose-chafer" and
'Rose-bug," which every year does so much harm in vineyards and orchards.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Ill

ig often very destructive to the flowers of rose bushes, as well as to the bloom
of many other kinds of flowering plants. In Ontario this insect has been
particularly abundant in the Niagara district. The mature beetles last for
about five weeks and when present in large numbers are very difficult to get
rid of. It has been found, however, by Prof. F. M. Webster that 95 per
cent, of the adult beetles may be killed by spraying them with half a pound
of fish-oil soap in a gallon of water. The suds must be thrown directly onto
the beetles while they are clustered on the flowers. This remedy of course
is only useful in killing the beetles on the plants ; it has no effect in keeping
them off afterwards. These beetles, although very active during _ the hot
hours of the day, are sluggish early in the morning, and at this time naay
be easily beaten from the plants into an inverted umbrella and then emptied
into some vessel containing water with coal oil on the surface. Rose bushes
may be protected by covering them with netting.

The American Rose-Slug, Endelomyia (Selandria) rosce, Harr. Oc-
curring commonly in Ontario, and doing considerable damage every year to
the foliage of roses, is a slug-like larva about one-third of an inch long,
green in colour, swollen near the head, but not slimy as is the case with many
other allied saw-fly larvae. This false caterpillar is nocturnal in habit, and
feeds on the upper side of a leaf, but during the day, when at rest, may be
found concealed on the under-surface of the leaf. Infested plants will soon
show the presence of these slug-like larvae from The foliage becoming con-
spicuously skeletonized. These rose slugs may be easily destroyed by dust-
ing the plants with white hellebore, or spraying them with a mixture of two
ounces of hellebore to every two gallons of water. A weak solution of Paris
green, one ounce in fifteen gallons of water, is also very effective.

The Bristly Rose-Worm, CJadius pectinicomis, Fourcr. Another
saw-fly larva which is abundant in Ontario, and which, at Ottawa, is the
commonest of the three rose saw-flies mentioned in this article, is the Bristly
Rose-worm. This larva, when full grown, is about two-thirds of an inch
long, and ranges in colour from dirty yellowish-green to a glaucous-green,
with a darker green line down the back. This false caterpillar is covered
with stiff hairs, which give it a conspicuous bristly appearance. The larva,
when young, works very much in the same way as the Rose-slug, skeleton-
izing the leaves, and leaving whitish blotches. As it grows older, however,
it eats out irregular holes all over the leai, often consuming the whole sub-
stance, except the stronger ribs. The same remedies used for the Rose-slug
are applicable for this insect.

The Curled Rose- Worm, Emphytus cinctipes, Nort. This rose-worm
is also common all through Ontario wherever roses are grown, and, like the
two preceding species, is an important enemy of that plant. TFe larva is
easily distinguished from either of the other two kinds mentioned above,
being smooth, and in having a yellowish brown head marked with a broad
brownish-black spot. The body is dark green above, with the sides and legs
grayish-white. This larva eats the entire substance of the leaf, feeding
along the edges, with the body curled beneath it. When at rest it remain>3
curled up on the under-surface of the leaf. Hellebore, or a weak solution
of Paris green, is also recommended for the Curled Rose-worm.

The Small White Cabbage Butterfly, Pontia rapae, L. (Fig. 48).
This pest of the market gardener, which now occurs right through Canada,
not infrequently requires attention in flower gardens, from its ravages to
stocks and other crucifers, mignonettes, nasturtiums and spider flower
(Cleome). These velvety green caterpillars about an inch in length, with a

112 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

broken yellow line along each side and an unbroken one down tbe middle of
the back (Fig. 47), are particularly destructive to mignonettes, some seasons
it being almost impossible to grow good plants. The insect is, however, an
easy one to control. The dusting of infested plants with pyrethrum insect
powder is about the best remedy for the caterpillars of this common butterfly.
This preparation can be made by mixing thoroughly one part of weight of
the insect powder with four parts of cheap flour, keeping the whole in a
closed vessel for at least 24 hours. The mixture can then be distributed eas-
ily by placing it in a small bag of fine muslin which can be tied to the end
of a short stick so that it swings freely. If the bag is tapped lightly with
another stick held in the other hand, many plants can be gone over quickly
and without tiring the operator. Many florists and seedsmen now sell proper
bellows or dusters for applying dry powders, and these are not very expensive.

Fig. 48. White Cabbage butterfly.

Fig. 47. Pontia rappe : a, caterpillar;
b, chrysalis.

The Diamond-Back Moth, (Plutella macuUpennis , Curtis, Plutella cru-
ciferarum, Zell. (See Fig. 33.) This well-known enemy of the market gar-
dener, during some seasons does serious harm to wall-flowers, stocks, and other
crucifers. The caterpillar which is from one quarter to three-eighths of an
inch in length is green and very active. It is particularly abundant during
July and August, but fortunately occurs irregularly, being doubtless held
in check by parasites. These small caterpillars when disturbed run back-
wards, wriggling their bodies from side to side, and when they reach the
edge of a leaf, they let themselves down by means of a silken thread. In
garden practice infested plants may be sprayed with kerosene emulsion, or
a soap mixture, to which Paris green or some other active poison has been
added, the spray to be forced well up under the leaves if possible.

The Zebra Caterpillar, Mamestra picta, Harr. (See Fig. 2.) This
common enemy of turnips, cabbages, clover, etc. is sometimes troublesome
in flower gardens. In his 1896 annual report. Dr. Fletcher spoke of a ser-
ious infestation at Ottawa, the plants attacked in gardens being sweet peas,
lilies, gladioli ; in fact it was stated that the larvae attacked indiscriminately
almost all the annuals. On Oct. 3rd of the present year, the writer noticed the
species feeding on asters. The caterpillar is a handsome one, about two inches
long when full grown, velvety black on the back and having two golden yel-
low stripes on each side of the body, which are connected by narrow lines of
the same colour, the head and feet bright reddish brown. When young the
larvse for a time feed together, but as they grow larger they separate and
feed singly. There are two broods of the insect in the year, the second one
of which occurs in September, and is the most troublesome. A remedy for
these caterpillars is to spray infested plants with Paris green, one ounce in

1906

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

113

10 gallons of water. Dusting the plants with pyrethrum insect powder is
also useful. If only a few specimens are found in a garden, they can of course
be removed by hand and destroyed.

Fig. 49. Salt-marsh caterpillar and moth. (Chittenden, Bull. 43, Div. of Ent., U.S.
Dep . Agr . )

Fig. 50. The Yellow Woolly-Bear : a, cater-
pillar ; b, chrysalis ; e, moth.

Woolly-Bears. The caterpillars, or "woolly-bears," of two kinds of
arctian moths, commonly oecvir in gardens, occasionally in sufficient numbers
to demand attention. These are the Salt-Marsh Caterpillar, Estigmene
acrcL'a, Dru., (Fig. 49) and the Yellow Woolly-Bear, Diacrisia virginica, Fab.
(Fig. 50.) Both of these caterpillars are, in general, of similar appearance
and habits, and feed on a great variety of plants. The former kind is the
larger, measuring when full grown about 2h inches in length, and it differs
from the Yellow Woolly-Bear in having a darker body and yellow markings
along the sides. These caterpillars, as the name "woolly-bear" indicates,
are quite hairy, the hairs of the former being mostly always reddish, or
reddish brown, while those of the latter vary considerably, the hairs in some
specimens being whitish, or pale yellow, while those in others are reddish,
or reddish brown. Injury by these caterpillars is most noticed when they

8 EN. '

114 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

are in their younger stages during wliicli time they feed together, but as
they grow older and reach maturity they separate and wander off by them-
selves. Hand picking answers as a remedy in most cases, but if the attack
should be serious, spraying with Paris green, or any other of the well known
arsenical poisons, would soon destroy the larvae.

The Oyster Shell Scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi, L. (Fig. 51). Occurr-
ing commonly in some districts in Ontario on rose bushes of many kinds are
the oyster-shell shaped scales, which are so well known from injuries by the
insects to fruit trees, particularly the apple. Unlike many other kinds
of scale insects, the Oyster-shell Bark-louse has only one annual brood, the
insect passing the winter in the eg^ state under the mother scales, and the
young larvse appearing in spring. If rose bushes are found to be heavily
infested with this scale insect, they should be sprayed in late fall or early
winter with a whitewash mixture, using one pound of unslaked lime to every
gallon of water. A second spraying should be applied as soon as the first
one is dry. The lime hardens on the bark and flakes off during the winter,
taking with it the scales with the clusters of eggs. In June when the young
lice hatch they may be easily seen running about on the bark preparatory to
settling down. When detected the bushes should be sprayed with kerosene
emulsion. A simple formula for making this for immediate use in gardens
will be found under the paragraph treating of Plant Lice.

The Rose Scale, Diaspis rosce, Bouche. An unpleasant sight in rose
gardens are clusters of roundish white scales which show up conspicuously
in contrast to the greenish or reddish shoots of the rose bushes. This scale
insect is sometimes very common on neglected bushes, and if not attended
to will soon do serious damage. Being a sucking insect kerosene emulsion
or whale oil soap are the best remedies. It has only so far occurred in the
Province of Ontario around Lake Ontario, its worst attacks being on rasp-
berries.

The Rose Leaf-Hopper, Typhlocyba rosce, L. This common leai-hop-
per, which occurs all through the country, wherever roses are grown, is often
seen in swarms on the leaves of these bushes. These insects are very small,
pale greenish-white, and are often spoken of by the confusing name of "Rose
Thrip." Throughout the summer they may be found on the leaves in var-
ious stages of development, and are frequently extremely destructive. They
can be controlled, however, by spraying the blishes with kerosene emulsion
or whale oil soap.

The Grape Vine Leaf-Hopper, Typhlocyba comes, Say, T. vitis, Harr,
etc. An insect which demands much attention every year in Ontario is the
Grape Vine Leaf-hopper. Although very destructive to the foliage of grapes,
lovers of ornamental plants are often exercised over a small hopping insect
which occurs in countless numbers on Virginian Creepers. These insects,
also as in the case of the Rose Leaf-hopper, are erroneously spoken of as
"Thrip." They are of a translucent white colour prettily marked with red
and dark brown lines. In their younger stages they are pale and although
lacking wings are almost as active as the full grown insects. These leaf-
hoppers pass the winter in the perfect state hidden away amongst fallen
leaves and other rubbish. The ground, therefore, should be raked and kept
clean during autumn so as to reduce as much as possible the opportunities
of these insects wintering near the vines. In all their stages these leaf-hop-
pers live by suction and therefore can be killed by contact insecticides. Ker-
osene emulsion and whale oil soap are the best mixtures to use, and the

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

115

spraying should be done before the insects develop their wings. When these
insects are present on a vine the leaves soon become white in patches and
then fall to the ground.

Fig. 51. The Oyster-shell Scale.

Fig. 52. Grape-vine flea-
beetle and larva, much en-
larged ; also leg, greatly
magnified.

Fig. 53. Grape-vine Flea-beetle, showing beetles and larva; at work.

The Grape Vine Flea-Beetle, Haltica chalybea, 111. (Figs. 52 and 53).
This is another well known grape insect, but one which often does much
injury in Ontario to the foliage of Virginian creepers. When the dirty,
yellowish-brown grubs, which have black shining bristle-bearing tubercles
are found on the vines, they may be destroyed by a Paris green spray 1 oz.
in 10 gallons of water. All fallen leaves and rubbish should be burned in
autumn to prevent the mature beetles from hibernating near the vines.

The Violet Saw-fly, Emphytus canadensis, Kirby. Pansies and violets,
which are always favourites in gardens, are sometimes seriously attacked by
the false caterpillars of this sawfly. These larvse which are smooth and
bluish-black in colour are about ^ an inch in length when mature. When
in their younger stages they have the habit of eating little holes in the leaves,
but as they reach maturity they feed mostly along the edge of a leaf. These
false caterpillars when at all numerous do a great deal of harm, oftentimes
completely defoliating plants. At Ottawa the species is of common occur-
rence, some seasons doing considerable damage. Last June and the first half
of 'Tuly the larvae were very abundant on violets on the grounds of the Cen-
tral Experimental Farm. In Canada, Dr. Fletcher tells me injuries by the
Violet vSawfly, have not been reported from very many localities. In 1898
considerable injury was done in large beds of violets grown under glass in
Toronto. As the larvae feed as a rule during the night. Dr. Fletcher recom-

116 THE REPORT OF THE. No. 19

mends as a remedy, the dusting of tlie plants in tlie evening with white helle-
bore, or with Paris green mixed with 50 times its weight of common flour,
or some other dry diluent.

The Oblique-banded Leaf-eoller, Archips rosaceana, Harr. (Fig. 54).
This widely distributed leaf-roller, the caterpillar of one of the tortricine
moths, is very common in Ontario and has a great range of food plants.
At Ottawa the larvae have been particularly abundant on apple, and in
flower gardens we have found the species on roses, climbing honeysuckles,
geraniums, spiraeas, and many other plants. The caterpillar besides rol-
ling up the leaves very often has the habit of tying together the upper leaves
and buds of flowering plants and then destroying the flowers. When full
grown it is about three-quarters of an inch in length, green, with a darker
green dorsal vessel ; the head black in front, brownish at the top, as is also the
top of the first body segment; the feet all black. This leaf-roller, although
common and widespread, has never occurred in gardens in Ontario to re-
quire much attention. Handpicking as a rule will serve as a remedy, but
if the caterpillars should appear in numbers spraying with some poiso
would soon destroy them.

e

i

Fig. 54. Oblique-banded
Leaf-roller moth.

Ants (Fig. 55). Enquiries are frequently made for information con-
cerning ants which infest garden plants of many kinds. It is generally
believed that these insects do harm to plants, but this is not the case. In
most instances, if close observation is made, it will be found that plant lice
are present and are the real cause of the injury. The relations of ants to
plant lice are very interesting. It is well kno^vn that ants are protectors
of plant lice; they are very fond of the sweet honey dew which is emitted
by them, and certain kinds even actually colonize them on plants near or
inside their nests. Some ants indirectly, therefore, are very injurious, al-
though they do not themselves feed upon plant tissue. When they
are seen to be running about on plants, a search should be made for their
nest which will, in all probability, be located in the earth close by. When
this is found a tablespoonful of bisulphide of carbon should be poured into
it and the opening immediately closed up by stepping on it. The fumes
from this liquid will penetrate quickly into all parts of the nest, and not
only kill the adults but the larvae as well. This material is very inflam-
mable and care must be taken not to bring a light near it. Another remedy
is to pour scalding water into the nests.

Red Spider. Although chiefly a greenhouse pest, these minute
mites are often found doing considerable damage to the foliage of plants
in flower gardens, particularly during hot, dry seasons. The presence of
these small creatures on the plants is easilv detected by the leaves losing
their colour, having a white, bleached appearance, and becoming stunted.
These mites live by sucking out the juices from the leaves and in this way

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

117

slowly reduce tlie vitality of the plants until in manv instances tKey are
completely killed. They do not seem to have a preference for any particular
kind of plant, but possibly are more noticed, at least in this locality, on
verbenas and roses. Some years when they are very bad it is almost impos-
sible to grow verbenas. Probably the best remedy for these mites is to
spray the plants with flowers of sulphur in the proportion of one ounce to
every gallon of water. As these mites feed chiefly on the under side of
leaves, the spray should be forced up among the foliage as much as possible.
If only a few plants are found to be infested with red spider, the sulphur
may.be dusted on to the leaves by means of a small bellows, or other specially
made implement, which is now used for such purposes, and sold by many
seedsmen.

Snails and Slugs. These slimy, soft-bodied mollusks which, of course,
are not insects, are included in this article, because the entomologist is often
asked for information concerning them and particularly for a remedy for
their destruction. Every year they are very injurious in flower gardens,
and as they come out to feed in the evening an excellent remedv is to broad-
cast lightly over the soil, before nightfall, freshly slaked lime. This adheres
to their bodies and soon kills them. Two or three applications on conse-
cutive evenings will eradicate them thoroughly.

Fig. 56. Colorado Potato-beetle.

PESTS OF LESSER IMPORTANCE.

The Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemJineata, Say. (Fig.
56). In the fall of the year, when there are few potato tops left in the fields,
these beetles on account of the scarcity of food, wander about in search
of something to eat, and often attack plants of the tobacco family as Nico-
tiana affi,nis and the newly introduced N. Smiderce, both of which are fav-
orites in flower beds because of their large foliage and showy flowers. The
former is deliciously scented at night. These beetles swarm on to such
plants in September and unless attended to at once quickly destroy the
foliage and flowers. As soon as they are noticed the plants should be dusted
with Paris green mixed with 50 times its weight of common flour, or some
other dry diluent. If more convenient the plants may be sprayed with
Paris green, using one ounce in every ten gallons of water.

The Milkvv^eed Doryphora, Lahioderma cJivicoUis, Kirby. In Eastern
Ontario this bettle is very abundant on the common milkweed, Asclejnas
cornuti. Owing to its beauty, the Pleurisy-root, Asclepias tuherosa, is

118 THE' REPORT OF THE No. 19

grown in some of the beds on the Central Experimental Farm, but every
year the plants are attacked by this insect. Some seasons the species is very
abundant and does a lot of injury. It is most prevalent during the month
of August, and the injury is mostly done by the mature beetles. The insect
although it is so abundant at Ottawa is, I believe, uncommon in western
Ontario.

HoTnoliadena hadistriga, Grt. For some years the larvae of this noctuid
moth have been present, in more or less numbers, on several kinds of climb-
ing honeysuckles, (Lonicera species) on the Central Experimental Farm.
During certain seasons their injuries have been quite apparent. In May,
1901, the larvae were abundant on many of the yellow-flowered varieties,
which they seem to prefer. At this time caterpillars in all stages were
found. Very young larvae, about a quarter of an inch long, were collected,
but no trace of eggs or empty shells could be seen. Every year since 1901
we have looked in vain for eggs, although we have found young larvae which
could not have been out of the eg^ more than a day or two. The young
larvae feed on the buds and foliage of the new shoots of the plant, hiding
in the day time inside the two clasping leaves, which surround the cluster
of flower buds at the tip. As they mature they crawl down to the shady
side of the old wood of the plant upon which they rest when not feeding.
When in the last stage the ground colour of the caterpillar is remarkably
like that of the stem, or twig, upon which it rests.

The Iris Borer, Macronoctua onusta, Grt. In the 1903 report of this
Society, the writer reported the occurrence, in destructive numbers, of the
larvae of this noctuid moth, which is rare in collections, and gave notes on
them and on the pupae. During the past season the species was again observed
in some of the Iris beds on the Central Experimental Farm, but not in de-
structive numbers. Full grown larvae were found on July 21. Nothing new
was noted with regard to their habits.

The Columbine Borer, Pa'paipema purpurifascia, G. & H. Mention
of an infestation by this insect at Ottawa in 1904, was made by the writer
in our last annual report. During the past season this borer was again
very destructive at Ottawa to cultivated Aquilegias. On June 29 they were
very abundant, boring into the stems. At that date they were 7-8 of an inch
in length and only a few had entered the roots. On July 13 as many as 13
larvae were found in one columbine plant, and every plant in a large bed
seemed to be seriously infested. It was interesting to note this year, how-
ever, that many of the larvae were parasitized by a Tachina, possibly one-
third of the larvae collected.

The Burdock Borer, Papaipema cataphracta, Grt. This is another
noctuid borer, but one which, while abundant almost every season at Ottawa,
seems to be of rather uncommon occurrence in other parts of Ontario. Un-
like the two mentioned above, this larva seems not to mind adapting itself
to any plant with a succulent stem, and so has been found infesting a variety
of different plants. At Ottawa, the favourite food plant is burdock, and
two or three larvae are often found in the same plant. During the past
season the caterpillars were quite abundant at Ottawa, and in about an
hour's time, on July 27, Dr. Fletcher and I collected nearly fifty specimens.
These with the exception of two were all found in burdock. Other plants
in which we have found this borer are Canada Thistle, dahlias, lilies, sun-
flowers, tomatoes, potatoes and rhubarb.

Unfortunately, owing to the boring habits of these larvae, there is no
remedy for them other than cutting off the portion of the plant containing
the caterpillar and destroying the latter. It is seldom, however, that these

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 119

insects are sufficiently abundant to be destructive enough to cultivated plants
to cause alarm. As a rule it is only a very small number of plants which
are attacked. The presence of these borers in gardens can usually be de-
tected by the unhealthy appearance of the plants, the tops in most instances
having become withered and fallen down to one side.

The SpiiiiEA Leaf-tyer, OJethreutes heviidesma, Zell. In 1901 the leaves
of several of the Spiraeas in the Arboretum of the Central Experimental
Farm, were drawn together at the tips of the plants by beautiful little
larvse about half an inch in length. Specimens of these were collected on
June 18 and moths reared, the first one emerging on July 3. These cater-
pillars were fairly abundant on a few bushes and their feeding places could
easily be detected at the tips of the branches. The caterpillar is very dark
velvety green, with conspicuous rows of white tubercles on the body, each
of which bears a long slender hair. The head is tawny, with a distinct
black band on the posterior margin of cheek; ocelli and antennae black.
Thoracic shield concolorous with head centrally, but black on most of the
lower third. Thoracic feet black. Specimens of the moths were kindly
identified by Mr. W. D. Kearfott.

The Aster Shark, Cucullia convexipennis, G. & R. At Ottawa the larvse
of this noctuid moth are some years fairly abundant feeding chiefly on the
the flowers of China asters. They have never been abundant enough to do
very serious injury, as a rule not more than one or two specimens being
found on the same plant. Full grown specimens have been found during
the latter part of August and in September. TJie caterpillar is a rather
striking one when mature, measuring over an inch and a half in length,
with a wide reddish band uown the centre of the back, on either side of
which are four or five dark brown irregular lines, the colour between being
white. The sides are white with transverse bands of brown. Just above
the feet is a bright, wide band of red. On the under side are some more
irregular lines. The head and front feet are shiny black, the hind feet
being dark brown. When present on a plant the larvae are generally seen
lying among the florets, and as a rule are quite conspicuous, although
sometimes they are rather difficult to detect on account of their colours re-
sembling those of the flowers. Occasionally we have seen specimens resting
on the stems of the plants.

The Mint Sphinx, Sphinx eremitus, Hbn. On several occasions we have
found, at Ottawa, the full grown caterpillar of this beautiful hawk-moth,
feeding in flower gardens on Monarda and mint. The species is not at all
common in Ontario, and collected specimens are always considered good
finds. Two dates on which we have found the larvae are 25th August- and
20th vSeptember.

The Bordered Sallov^^, Pyrrhia umbra, Hufn. The young larva, o-reen
spotted with black, of this noctuid have the habit of eating into the bu'ds of
Delphinium, Aquilegia and many other garden flowers. The larvEe are
also frequently found late in the year on many low plants, particularly on
different species of Polygonum. There are two distinct forms of this larva,
one being green spotted with black tubercles and having conspicuous dark
longitudinal stripes, the other milk-white with a cross-shaped orange blotch
in the centre of each segment on dorsum. This latter form also has markings
along the body but these are indistinct.

The Bronze Copper, Chrysophanus thoe,, Bdv. (Fig. 57.) In the Botanic
Garden at the Experimental Farm, plants of the genus Polygonum, are al-
most every season, more or less, attacked by the caterpillars of the above
butterfly. These infestations are never very serious, but on one or two

120

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

occasions the larvae were rather abundant and noticeable injury to the foliage
was done. It is not likely, however, that these caterpillars will ever become
siifficiently numerous to require attention. Some of the cultivated Polygon-
ums are familiar in flower gardens and if this insect should be found doing
serious injury, Paris green applied to the foliage either in a spray, or a dry
diluent, would soon destroy any caterpillars present. Injury to the foliage of
such conspicuous plants as these is easily recognized, and further damage
can be prevented if prompt action is taken. The ordinary wild food plants
are various species of Rumex.

Fig. 57. Chrysophanus thoe ; male and female butterflies.

The Sunflov^^er "Peacock Fly," Straussia longipennis, Weid. Stems
of the common sunflower, Helianthus annuus, L., at Ottawa are invariably
infested by the maggots of this fly. These insects, or "peacock flies" so-
called, because of their habit of elevating the wings and strutting about
peacock-like, are very beautiful, the wings of many of the species being
prettily marked and spotted with black or brown. At Ottawa the above
species has been so abundant some seasons that it has been impossible to find
a sunflower plant of which the pith had not been almost entirely devoured.
Plants, however, th^ pith of which had been tunnelled from the base to the
very flowers grew remarkably well and kept green and vigorous up to the
first frosts. This insect, therefore, does not appear to injure the sunflower
to any practical extent. The flies may be found in early summer.

Injury to Pinks and Carnations by an Anthomyian. Occasionally in
flower gardens in different parts of Canada, various kinds of pinks and car-
nations have been injured by Anthomyian larvse. In Dr. Fletcher's report
for 1885 it is stated that injury at Victoria, B. C. was first noticed about the
middle of May. Referring to this attack Dr. Fletcher says: "The egg ap-
pears to be laid at or near the base of the topmost leaves. The young maggot
burrows beneath the epidermis of the base of the leaves for some time and
then bores down the centre of the stem." Specimens of this Anthomyian
were bred at Victoria by Mr. J. J. Cowley. The maggots left the plants
about 1st June and went into the ground to pupate. The flies appeared
about 10 days later. During the same year Dr. Fletcher found a specimen
at Ottawa which was destroying Indian Pinks in exactly the same manner as
those in Mr. Cowley's garden. This specimen produced a fly which Dr.
Fletcher says, was apparently identical with those bred at Victoria by Mr.
Cowley. Since then the species has been found to be rather destructive to
the shoots of the pretty perennial Gypsophila paniculata, which also belongs
to the Pink family.

The Variegated Fritillary, Euptoieta claudia, Cramer, (Fig. 9.) In
July last an enquiry was received at the Division, concerning a cater-
pillar which was destroying pansies at Baltimore, Ont. The correspondent,
Mr. T. M. Wood, writing to Dr. Fletcher, July 18 said : "I send herewith
two caterpillars which I found on a row of pansies. About a week ago there

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 121

were dozens of tliem but to-day I got but five, which I put in a box with a
pansy plant. I see to-night they are changing to the pupa state." The
specimens arrived at Ottawa on July 20 and proved to be Euptoieta claudia,
Cramer. The occurrence of the species in numbers, at Baltimore, Ont., is
very interesting, as the insect is rare in Ontario, only a few previous records
of the butterfly having been recorded by collectors. In the North-west the
butterfly is much more abundant, and was found, by Dr. Fletcher, very
destructive to pansy beds at Kinistino, N. W. T. Dr. Fletcher tells me he
has seen ihe females ovipositing on the wild flax, Linum sulcatum.

Sparyanothis ((Enectra) flavibasana, Fern. In June, 1895, this
species was found in some numbers by Mr. J. A. Balkwill, at London, Ont.,
and specimens of the moth were identified, through our late Curator, Mr.
J. Alston Moffat, by Prof. C. H. Fernald. Mr. Balkwill found his first spec-
imens at rest upon honey-suckle in his garden, but later found some pupae
which produced the moths. In the Canadian Entomologist, October, 1895,
Mr. Moffat says : "Presumably the larvse had fed upon the honeysuckle, as
chrysalids were found in the connate leaves with a thin silken web spun over
them, one of which I raised to the moth. There is plenty of evidence of
feeding having been done upon the plant, but nothing positive as to what did
it. A lookout is being kept upon the plants for the next brood." Under
date of November 17, 1905, Mr. Balkwill writes: "Your letter of the 15th
inst. is to hand. I am sorry that I am unable to give you the information
desired. I captured the moths on honeysuckle and found some of their co-
coons, which were reared to mature insects. We could not find the larvae
although Mr. Rennie and I kept a good look out for the next two years."

The Greenhouse Leaf-Tyer, Phlyctcenia rubigalis, Gn. ~ Phlyctcenia
ferrugaUs, Hbn. In Canada this insect has never been reported as doing
anj' injury to plants other than those grown under glass. In the United
States, however, the caterpillars are known to feed on several kinds of crop
plants, as celery, cabbage, beets and tobacco, as well as on a great many orn-
amental plants grown outside, such as wall-flowers, dahlias, daisies, begon-
ias, roses, nasturtiums, geraniums, carnations, etc. The insect is abundant
in some of the large greenhouses in central and western Ontario and mention
has been made of injuries by the larvae in Toronto, in the annual reports of
the Dominion Entomologist for 1899 and 1900. Since that date Dr. Fletcher
and the writer have published the life-history of the species in the May,
1901, number of the Canadian Entomologist. When full grown the cater-
pillar is about three-quarters of an inch in length, of a semi-translucent
green colour, with two distinct black spots (one on each side) close behind the
head, and a green dorsal vessel showing distinctly down the middle of the
back, bordered on each side with a double white band. As its popular name
would suggest the caterpillar has the habit^.of drawing together portions of
a leaf, or of two leaves that happen to be contiguous, and tying them with
fine threads of silk. This webbing of the leaves is more apparent, of course,
as the larva reaches maturity, and owing to its manner of protecting itself
it is rather difficult to reach with a spraying mixture. A Paris green or
some other arsenical mixture would doubtless prove to be a remedy, should
the caterpillars be noticed working on any plants in flower gardens, or many
of them could be removed by handpicking.

Rose Root-Gall, Rhodites radicuw, 0. S. (Fig. 58.) This large gall
which is from 1| to 2 inches in diameter is not infrequently found in Ontario
on and at the roots of many kinds of wild roses, as well as sometimes on culti-
vated ones. The insect which causes this conspicuous gall is a four- winged

122 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

My, with a short round reddish body, belonging to the hymenoptera. At
Ottawa we have found these galls irregular, smooth and potato-like rather
oftener than elongated as shown in the figure. The only suggestion in the
way of a remedy is to cut out the infested portions of the plants.

Fig. 58. Rose Root-gall.

Tortrix alhicomana, Clem. The small caterpillars of this well known
little Tortrix moth were very abundant and destructive to the leaves of Jap-
anese Rose at Ottawa during the past summer. They were particularly
abundant about the middle of June and moths were flying in large numbers
around the bushes on July 8, on which date Dr. Fletcher collected many
specimens.

Ar chips pifrpurana, Clem. Several specimens of the larva of this com-
mon, rather small, moth, were found at Ottawa by Dr. Fletcher during the
past season in his cultivated beds of wild violets. No serious injury was done
to the plants and the specimens when discovered were removed by hand.

The Hoary Plume, Pterophorus Tnonodactylus, L. During the past
season at Ottawa the small green caterpillars, much the same colour as the
leaves of their food plant, of this plume moth were found to be very destruc-
tive to the Minor Convolvulus. These larvse which were most abundant in
September were found to be eating the flower buds and leaves at the tips,
entirely preventing the plants from developing any flowers. Associated also
with this species was the tineid BedelUa somnuIenteUa, Zell, which helped
to some extent in the injury.

Leaf Miner in Leaves of Lonicera. During some seasons at Ottawa
the leaves of one of the honeysuckles, Lonicera fulgens, have been mined
by a small lepidopterous larva, which in 1901 we reared to the perfect state,
and which has been identified by Mr. August Busck of the U. S. Bureau of
Entomology, as Lithocolletes fraqileUa, F. & B. The larva makes a con-
spicuous blotch-like mine in the leaves, and on some foliage examined there
were two or three mines in the same leaf. In 1901 the larvre were first noticed
about July 20 and by August 5 had pupated.

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 123

FOREST ENTOMOLOGY.

By E. J. Zavitz, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

Destruction of the forest by insects is a problem in which the forester
is very much interested. The depredations of these small foes are being
carried on to a greater extent than we realize, and every season sees large
quantities of timber being injured or destroyed by insects.

Entomology is of vast importance to the forester, and he should at least
become acquainted with the appearance and life history of the important
forest insects. In universities and forest academies in Germany where
forestry is taught, special courses are given in Forest Entomology. The
German forester carries in his pocket a small calendar in which he takes
notes and in which is recorded what to look for during each month of the
year. It is interesting to note that one of the subjects, taking greatest space,
is that regarding the insects for which to be on the lookout during each
month.

Insects damage forests in many ways and at various stages. The fruit,
the tender seedling, and the roots, foliage and wood of the mature tree all
have their enemies. In fact, during its whole life history the tree is subject
to attacks.

;Fig. 59. Balaninus~beetle, grub, pupa tQ
and infested nuts.

In collecting the acorns of Red Oak for seed I have found that a large
percentage of the acorns are destroyed by one of the Curculionidse. Two
bags of acorns, which had been allowed to stand over night, were surrounded
by footless grubs one centimetre in length. These are probably the larvae
of Balaninus quercus. It was estimated that about forty per cent, of these
acorns were destroyed by this insect. The female insect bores a hole into
the acorn and then drops in the egg which develops into the grub-like larva.
This larva feeds upon and in most cases destroys the acorn. After the
acorn falls to the ground in autumn the larvae go into the soil and transform,
coming forth the following spring. (Eig. 59 represents a closely allied
species which attacks Filberts).

This shows that this insect alone is a strong factor against the repro-
duction of red oak under natural conditions. Curculios also infest the seed
of such trees as basswood, hickory and chestnut.

During the seedling stages of the tree the insects carry on their work.
The cutworm has given some trouble in cutting the white pine seedlings
in the nursery beds. A number of small white ash were found to be dying,
and upon examination it was found that the roots were attacked by the wire-
worm or larvae of the click-beetle. The larvae were hardly discernible at first

124

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

as they had gone into, and were working in, the centre of the root. Damage
was also done to the roots of some seedlings by the Lachnosterna larvae.
(See Fig. 6.) I regret that I am unable to identify the above species.
However, I expect they will give me sufficient opportunity to further study
them. The foliage of forest trees suffers from the work of a great variety
of insects. This injury is not only unsightly but from the forester's stand-
point hinders the proper development of the stem of the tree. Defoliation
cuts off the food supply and so lessens the amount of wood laid on during
the season. Considerable damage is annually being done by Lepidopterous
larvae. Owing to the fact that their life history is more easily followed
than that of other orders there is considerable known and written concern-
ing their work.

Fig. 60. Larch Saw fly ; a, with outspread wings ; h, the brown pupa case — both greatly n
enlarged ; c, terminal twig of Larch showing eggs in slits made by the female saw-fly.

The Larch Saw-fly, (Fig. 60), a hymenopterous leaf destroyer, has done
an enormous amount of damage in Canada. The tamarac has suffered from
this insect throughout its known area of distribution and as yet its natural
enemies have not controlled it. In the vicinity of Guelph this insect has
done considerable damage to the European larch and our native tamarac
during the last season.

Coleoptera, in both the larval and adult form, are responsible for dam-
age done to the foliage. The Lamellicorns and Chrysomelids both feed upon
the leaf iji the adult form. Lachnosterna frequently does damage to the
maple and other leaves, but not to any serious extent. The basswood or
linden leaf seems to suffer most from their attacks and late in the summer
it is almost impossible to find a perfect leaf. Large numbers of Macrodac-
tylus suhspinosus (Fig. 30) and Odontota rubra have been taken from this
tree in beating operations and probably they are responsible for a great
share of the damage done. Of the Coleoptera the Chrysomelids in the larval
and adult stages do most damage to the leaves of forest trees.

Roots are attacked by the larvae of Prionids and Lamellicorns. Buds
have enemies in the Curculionidae and Lepidoptera. Deformities on ter-
minal branches are formed by Aphidse, Cynipidae and Cerambycidae.

1906

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

125

The direct injury done to the stem or timber part of the tree affects
the forester most seriously. One of the Cossidse or Carpenter moths, Prio-
noxystus rohinice, was taken emerging from the sugar maple in the vicinity
of Ridgeway, Ontario. The work of this Cossus moth was noticed in several
trees in the same vicinity. These same maples are infested with one of the
Siricidee which I take to be Tremex columha. (Fig. 28.)

In the College nursery some Austrian pines about three feet high
showed signs of dying in August. Upon examination it was found that the
stems in some places were completely girdled beneath the bark. This work
was being done by one of the Curculionidse, Pissodes strobi, (Fig. 61), de-
scribed in Bulletin 22, Division of Forestry. In July the leaves of these
pines began to droop and by August they had turned quite brown. In the
second week of October I took a number of mature insects from their little
cells beneath the bark. Upon a further examination about the first of
November I found they had left this retreat for hibernation in other quarters.

Fig. 61 . Pissodes strobi,
Pine-Curculio.

Fig. 62. Tunnels of Scolytus beetle.

Fig. 63. Scolytus beetle and its tun- Fig. 64. Tunnels of Scolytus Fig. 65.

nels. beetle. ' Buprestis borer.

126

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

However, the insects whicli do tlie most serious technical injury to
trees are the Scolytidae, Buprestidae and Cerambycidge. These insects by
boring either in the cambium layer, sapwood or heartwood of the tree leave
channels which greatly lessen the commercial value of the tree. They
attack the living tree in the forest, the log at the drive or mill, and the
lumber in the yard.

The Scolytidge work in the bark, cambium layer and sapwood (Figs.
62, 63 and 64) and this family is one most to be dreaded by the forester.
Large areas of forests have been destroyed by members of this family. It
would be impossible to estimate the value of timber destroyed by the pine
bark beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis. Its distribution seems to cover the
whole coniferous region east of the Rocky Mountains. An unidentified
species of Scolytidse has been doing some damage this season in the nursery
to Scotch pine. The beetle is about two mm. long and has completely
undermined the bark.

Buprestidse (Fig. 65) and Cerambycidse (Figs. 66 and 67) injure the
stems of the tree in much the same manner. In some cases they make chan-
nels throughout the stem although some species work only beneath bark
and in the sapwood.

Fig. 66. Cerambycid beetle (wood-borer

Fig. 67. Cerambycid Pine-borer.

The stems of second growth hickory {Hicoria ovata) in the vicinity of
Ridgeway have been badly infested with the larvae of Goes pulchra. The
same trees are also attacked by Dorcaschema nigrum which girdles the ter-
minal branches. Even after the tree leaves the forester's care it is liable
to insect attacks. Upon examination of some hickory lumber, which had
been piled so that the boards were in close contact, I found Phymatodes
variahilis doing great damage. Thus throughout the whole history of the
tree it is subject to insect injury and the amateur entomologist feels that
the species to be studied are almost infinite in number.

From the systematic collector's efforts probably a large percentage
of our forest insects in the adult form are now in collections throughoiit
the country. However, this is a subject of economic importance, the forest
being one of our greatest resources. Very little is known concerning the
life history of our forest insects and only by research can the required
knowledge be obtained. There is a wide field for the study of forest insects
in relation to plant host, parasites or other enemies. Future protection
can only be had in so far as we have men specially trained who recognize
and understand the movements of these tiny foes.

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

127

PHLOX MITE— TETEANYCHUS BIMACULATUS.

By T. D. Jarvis, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

This species of mite, for several years past, lias caused injury to tlie cul-
tivated perennial Phlox on the College Campus. It answers to the de-
scription of the "Red Spider". The leaves become spotted above and the
under surface is coated with a fine loose web containing many minute par-
ticles. The small red oval mites may be seen with the naked eye and they
vary from a few to as many as fifty or more on the under surface of a single
leaf. (Fig. 68.)

Length of mite .433 m.m. ; width .241 m.m.

Length of front legs, .241 m.m. ; length of mandibles, .016.

Length of cephalo-thorax, .040 m.m. ; length of hairs on legs, .100
m.m.

The legs of the mites are slightly orange or yellowish in color and six
jointed.

The mites hibernate on the lower leaves of the plant. Up to the 20th
of May the mite may be found feeding on the basal leaves of the plant.

Fig. 68. "Red Spider,"
greatly magnified.

Fig. 69. Spruce Saw fly— greatly magnified.

BLUE-SPRUCE SAW FLY— LYDA SP.
By T. D. Jarvis, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

Colorado Blue Spruce, Picea
It has not been found on any

This Sawfly has caused injury to the
pungens, on the College Campus at Guelph.
other species of spruce on the Campus.

The excrement of the larvae lies in masses on the leaves and branches,
and in some cases the tree becomes very unsightly. The larvse are found
in small colonies of from three to ten feeding beneath the masses of ex-
crement. They cut off the leaves and carry them to their retreat under the
excrement.

The larvae (Fig. 70) are green and when full grown are 26 m.m. long
and the antennae 1^ m.m. long. The head and prothroax are black. The

128

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

hair-like appendage on posterior segment of abdomen 1| m.m. long. The
abdomen contains 11 segments.

When mature the larvae drop to the ground and make a little cell about
3 inches below the surface of the sod. They pass the winter as larvae and
pupate in the spring.

Fig. 70. Spruce Sawfly larva ; head and anal seg-
ments — greatly enlarged .

The adult Sawflies (Fig. 69) appear about the 20th of May. They
spend only a few hours depositing their eggs and then disappear. The saw-
fly is a large, black, shiny insect, about 14 m.m. long. The mandibles and
a part of the face is yellow, the rest of the body is black. The thorax is
feebly punctured. The antennae are about 9 m.m. long and 32 jointed.
The upper wings are mostly clear, while the lower wings are clear above
and dusky toward the outer margin.

BUMBLE-BEES THAT EEETILIZE THE RED CLOVER.
By T. D. Jarvis, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

In the month of June Mr. C. C. James, Deputy Minister of Agriculture,
mailed to our department a letter which he had received from the New '
Zealand Government, enquiring for information on the species of Bombus
that fertilizes the red clover in Ontario so that they might find out what
species is most useful in clover fertilization.

The following is a copy of the letter received from Mr. 0. B. Pember-
ton, Secretary of the Canterbury Agricultural and Pastoral Association,
Christ church,' New Zealand, 26 May, 1905.

The Secretary of Agricvlture.

Sir I take the liberty of writing to you on behalf of this Association regarding

the- fertilization of Red Clover in Canada.

A CommitteB of this Association has been appointed to enquire into the fertiliza-
tion of red clover in other countries with the view of the introduction of the bees most
suitable as fertilizing agents.

Before the introduction of the bumblebee into New Zealand from England m 1855,
the vield of red clover seed was not sufficient to be commercially payable. Since the
introduction, however, the yields have been more prolific, but it is still thought that
the best results have not yet been obtained.

1906 . ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 129

We have m New Zealand, as far as we knew, three kinds of humblebees, the
descendants of those imported in 1885, viz., Bombus terrestris, Bombus hortorum, and
Bombus hortorum variety Uavrisellus. Bombus terrestris is the most numerous and
is, I believe, considered quite unsuitable on account of the shortness of its proboscis.

My Association would deem it a great favor if you could forward me any inform-
ation you may have gathered as to what bees or insects you have in Canada most suit-
able for the fertilization of the red clover.

Forty-eight specimens of bumblebees were collected from the flowers
of the red clover. The specimens were sent to Dr. McGillivray, Cornell
University, and identified. Three species were found — Bombus fervidus,
Bombus ternarius and Bornbus borealis.

Dr. Brodie, of Toronto Normal School, reports Bombus consimilis as
being one of the more common species around Toronto.

Dr. Fletcher stated that Bombus fervid'us is the most common species
at Ottawa, while B. borealis is rare.

INJUEIOUS INSECTS OF 1905 IN ONTARIO.
By W. Lochhead, Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

The number of injurious insects in the season of 1905 was about the
normal, but the amount of damage done to crops of all kinds was perhaps
below the normal, — there being no outstanding case of very serious loss.

The Pea-weevil no longer gives anxiety to the growers of peas, but in
this apparent security from this pest lies the danger for the future. The
farmer just now is able to give practically a death-blow to pea-weevils for
many a year if he would insist on sowing only peas that have been fumi-
gated with carbon bisulphide. It is an easy task to conquer and control an
enemy when it is weak; and this is the present condition of the pea-weevil.
If this precaution of using fumigated seed is not taken, the weevils will
increase every year until they are beyond control.

A species of Joint-worm, (see Fig. 29), probably Isosoma hordei, was pre-
sent in a few localities on wheat and barley, but did very little damage. It
produces galls at, usually, the second joint of the stems, which are co-ise-
quently deformed and weakened. Within the galls are the minute yellowish-
white maggots with blackish jaws. The larvae usually remain over vinler
i^vilnin the galls, and the adults, small black four-winged flies, emerge in the
spring. Fortunately there is only one brood each year.

It is doubtful if this Joint-worm will ever become a serious enemy in
Ontario, where the majority of farmers practise a system of regular rotation
of crops, and where the roadside and fence corner grasses are cut at the
time of haying.

The Horn-Fly (Hsematobia serrata), was more prevalent over the Pro-
vince this past season than it has been for several seasons. Although this
insect is now well known by nearly all farmers, yet it is remarkable how
few stock-owners apply the simple treatments that have been advocated for
years by the practical entomologists. This fly, it is well known, is one of
the most annoying and troublesome pests of cattle in summer, and young
cattle in good pasture are frequently annoyed to such an extent that they
lose rather than gain flesh. Milch cows, too suffer much from these flies,
and the supply of milk is always very much reduced in quantity during the
"fly" season.

The life-history of the Horn-fly is well known. The eggs are deposited
in fresh cow droppings, where the maggots develop and the pupae form.

9 EN.

130

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

There are many broods during the season, so that their increase is very rapid.
The adult flies are smaller than the house-flies. They congregate in masses
about the base of the horns, on the flanks, and on the belly, just outside the
reach of the tail or head of the aflSicted animal.

For several years it has been observed that oils or greases rubbed on the
affected parts will give relief for several days, and the flies will not come
near. Fish oil is strongly recommended and has been used by many owners
of stock. The addition of crude carbolic acid in the proportion of one table-
spoonful to one quart of fish oil increases its effectiveness.

This past summer I had an opportunity of testing the eifectiveness of
kerosene emulsion solution against the Horn-fly. The emulsion is readily
made and in the usual way, and was applied by means of a small hand spray
pump. A fine nozzle was employed so that a very fine mist was obtained. I
found that although the emulsion gave <ilmost immeliave relief and killed
enormous quantities of flies that collected in the slahle, jet it was necessary
to repeat the operation during the worst Dortion of the season, both n^'ght
dnd morning.

Unless I was present, the spraying operation was usually neglected, and
the flies became as numerous as ever. It became apparent to me that if the
stable employees about a large stock farm found it diflicalt to apply this
kerosene emulsion sufficiently often to keep the flies away, we need not
expect to have any better results in the ordinary farm stables where stock is
probably not as well cared for.

Fig. 71. The Seed-corn Maggot; a, h, flies; d, maggot; h, puparium — all very
much enlarged. (After Chittenden, U.S. Dept. Agriculture).

In the dairy stables of the Ontario Agricultural College Zenoleum was
used. It was applied with a compressed air sprayer. As it is readily made,
the same objections cannot be found with regard to its preparation as against
the preparation of the kerosene emulsion. The herd was kept free from the
horn-fly with but two or three applications per week, and the herdsman is
enthusiastic concerning the merits of this preparation.

Again, the use of the compressed air sprayer makes the operation a very
simple one, and with the general introduction of such sprayers, we may hope
to have less fear for the Horn-fly in the future.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 131

Garden Insects.

The Seed-Corn Maggot (Phorbia fusciceps, Zett), Fig. 71. The work
of this maggot on planted corn seed was brought to our attention about the
third week in June, at St. Anne de Bellevue on the Island of Montreal. In
a field recently planted many of the seeds sprouted very slowly, while others
failed to sprout at all. On examination of the planted seeds many of them
showed the presence of the Seed-corn Maggot. From the seeds that had not
sprouted the maggots had hollowed out large cavities and had destroyed the
embryos. In other seeds the cavities were smaller, and sometimes the
embryo had escaped injury, with the result, however, that the germs were
weak and made but little growth.

The seeds were planted at a time when the soil was cold and damp and
for over a week the weather remained cold and wet, with the result that
incipient decay set in, and the adult flies were^ attracted to the decomposed
matter as a suitable place for oviposition.

It may be stated here that the stand of corn was a large one in spite of
the number of injured seeds. After a dressing of soda nitrate had been given
to the land, the crop developed well with returning warm weather, and a
fine yield was obtained at the close of the year.

In 1900 I called attention to a destructive outbreak of similar maggots
on beans in Lambton County. It is probable that the maggots in this case
belong to the same species as those observed at St. Anne's.

The life-history of this insect is not well known. The adult is a two-
winged fly about the size of a small housefly. Dr. Chittenden of Washing-
ton says it can best be identified by the male, which possesses a row of short,
rigid, bristly hairs on the inner side of the posterior tibia:-.

The Seed-Corn Maggot is smaller than the Onion Maggot, being about
\ of an inch in length. Dr. Chittenden says: "In the Northern States it
is probable that we have at least two generations, the first injurious in May
and June to such seedlings as are then to be found, and the second gener-
ation feeding upon weeds or dead or dying plants, in excrement and in refuse
without their presence being manifested.

It has been surmised that the species agrees with others of its kind in
passing the winter in the adult condition, although it is possible also that
it hibernates in some localities at least as a puparium."

Professor Garman of the Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Station
reports that this insect attacks young cabbage plants, in early spring, and
hemp plants which are often destroyed over large areas. "The maggots
work in the stems, but leave the plants, when rendy to f-upate, and enter
the earth for a short distance, changing to yellow pupae .18 inch long and
about .06 inch in diameter. Besides hemp and cabbage the insect is

known as an enemy of planted seed corn, of radishes, onions, and of the
common weed, hedge-mustard." Professor Garman calls this insect the
Fringed Anthomyian, and places it in the Genus Pegomya.

The Tarnished Plant bug (Lygns pratensis). Many reports reached us
throughout the season regarding the injuries done by this insect to cultivated
plants of both the garden and orchard. In the garden it was specially injur-
ious, for it pierced and deformed buds and terminal shoots of cabbage,
cucumber, and potato, and sucked their juices. Flower gardens and plan-
tations of small fruits suffered also, and reports came in of the blighting
of strawberry blossoms and young berries, and of the blackening and shrivel-
ing of the currants. Besides, these insects attack many weeds and other wild
plants. The insects are more numerous, and hence more readily notice-

132 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

able by tlie public, in late summer, but most of their injuries are done in
early summer.

The Tarnished Plant Bug (Fig. 72), is one of the true bugs, and obtains
its food by piercing the tissues with its beak and sucking the juices. The
adult insects are about 1-5 of an inch long, and are very variable in color,
ranging from a dark brown through light brown to yellowish or yellowish-
green. The broad region behind the head (prothorax) is bordered with
yellow, and has four or five longitudinal yellowish lines; the triangular
area behind the prothorax bears also a yellow Y, and ihe upper wings are
marked with dark and light spots.

The adults winter over under rubbish, and are ready in the early spring
to attack the young buds and fruits. Their eggs are deposited on the food
plants, and in a few days the young larvae or nymphs appear. All ^^^hruugh
the season nymphs and adults may be found feeding together. The nymphs
moult four or five times, gradually becoming more like the winged adults.
There are probably only two'*broods in Ontario.

Fig. 72. The Tarnished
Plant-bug — much enlarged.

On account of the fact that Tarnished Plant Bugs have a wide range of
food plants, hence are widely distributed, and occur at all times of the season
in every stage of development, treatment is difficult. The following remedies
have been found somewhat effective and are here recommended :

1. The use of pyrethrum or insect powder. This should be mixed with
four or five times its weight of flour and dusted on such plants as straw-
berries, garden flowers, cucumbers, potatoes, &c., in early morning while
the insects are torpid and the dew is on the foliage.

2. The bugs may be readily shaken from infested trees and shrubs in
early morning upon a sheet, and destroyed.

3. The application of a kerosene-emulsion spray or some good tobacco
solution in early morning will destroy large numbers of the bugs, and help
to keep them in check.

Root Maggots belonging to different species of insects attack the roots
of cabbages, onions, and radishes, and do a great deal of injury. These
along with the white grubs and wireworms are the betes noires of truck-
gardeners. No satisfactory remedies have as yet been discovered for their
control, and great losses are sustained every year through lack of inform-
ation and treatment.

We are, however, specially indebted to Professors M. V. Slingerland
and S. A. Forbes for their valuable investigations into the life-histories of

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 138

these troublesome root insects, and for their experimental studies of remedial
treatments. It is now fairly well known that many of the so-called remedies
are utterly worthless.

The most common root maggots that are found affecting vegetables are
the Cabbage or Eadish Eoot maggot, and the Onion Maggot. The adults
of these are small flies. These lay their eggs on the stems of the plants near
the ground and the maggots on hatching make their way down the stem and
begin burrowing into the roots. It is a common thing to find the surface of
the roots of young radishes completely mined by maggots. When full grown
these maggots form brown puparia in the soil. The cabbage or radish mag-
got does its chief harm in June and July, as the young radishes are coming
up and after the young cabbages are transplanted.

With regard to remedies, it may be repeated that no perfectly effective
remedy has been found for the cabbage root maggot, but the following
remedies are valuable in controlling their depredations to some extent :

(1) Cheese cloth covers. In the large truck gardens of Long Island and
New York, many of the growers resort successfully to the use of enclosures
made of cheese cloth, arranged about light wooden frames. These may be
made of any size, and can be removed at time of cultivation. If such frames
are kept over the young plants for about six weeks, injury from these maggots
may be completely prevented, since the fly is not able to deposit her eggs
on the plants.

(2) Tarred paper disks. These were advocated by Prof. Slingerland,
but the great objection to such a procedure is the trouble required to place
the disks on the plants, and most growers of cabbages prefer to lose their
plants rather than take this extra trouble.

(3) Hellebore or Insect Powder. Both of these insecticides have been
used to great advantage. Dr. Forbes says "about one-half tea cupful of a
decoction of pja-ethrum powder, four ounces to a gallon of water, or white
hellebore of the same strength, poured around the root of each plant after
drawing away the earth right down to the roots, will destroy any maggots
which may have started work. The earth should be put back again and the
plants hilled up, when new rootlets will soon be formed. A light sprinkling
of nitrate of soda will encourage a quick growth and help the plants to over-
come attack."

For radishes white hellebore used as a powder and dusted along the
rows once a week has given good results ; and a carbolic wash prepared
originally by Prof. Cook by dissolving one pound of hard soap in a gallon of
water and one-half pint of crude carbolic acid added, then the whole is boiled
together for a few minutes to make a stock solution, which should be diluted
fifty times with water when required for use. This solution should be
sprayed upon the plants once a week from the time they appear above the
ground until ready for use.

White Grubs. These are the well known larvse of June Beetles. The
adult beetles deposit their eggs just below the surface of the ground and
the grubs hatching feed on the roots of plants for from two to three years.
In Bulletin 44 of the Illinois Agricultural Experimental Station, Dr. S. A.
Forbes states that the grubs do not change to pupae until June and July
of the third Season, — the perfect beetles transforming in September but not
emerging until the next spring. White Grubs are often very abundant and
injurious in garden plots, but a good rotation of crops will do more than
anything else to control these insects. Dr. Forbes claims that as the white
grubs have an opportunity to develop only in sod land and do not seem to
relish the roots of clover plants, it would be well to bring strawberries or

134

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

corn late into the rotation. He recommends a short rotation in which rye
is sown on the broken-.up sod, then seeding to clover the following spring,
followed by the small grains, and this followed ag'ain by com or potatoes.
If such a method, or a similar one, be adopted in gardens, very few com-
plaints would be heard regarding attacks of white grubs. When white grubs
are known to infest lawns, kerosene emulsion may be applied with advant-
age, if followed by copious watering.

Fruit Insects.

The Peach-Tree Borer, (Sanninoidea exitiosa Say (Fig. 73) is quite
prevalent in many of the Niagara peach orchards, as the brown gummy
masses about the bases of the trees testify. These exudations are composed
of a mixture of earth, larval excrement, and borings, and sometimes they
extend entirely around the tree. The borer is the grub-like caterpillar of a
beautiful moth, and works in the inner bark of the lower trunk or a large
root, excavating a tunnel.

The life-history is not yet well enough known to the peach growers. The
moths appear from July to September, and the females deposit their eggs on

Fig. 73. Peach-tree Borer ; 1, female
inoth ; 2 male moth.

Fig. 74. Datana Dioth.

the bark of the trunk near the ground soon after their emergence. The
larva hatches in si week or so and begins to bore into the trunk, feeding and
forming its burrow until winter sets in, when it hibernates. In May the
larva begins again to feed, and reaches full size in June or early July. It
leaves its burrow then, and forms a dirty brown cocoon at the base of the
tree. As a pupa within this cocoon, it remains about three or four weeks,
when the moth emerges.

The old-fashioned method of "digging out" or "worming" the borer is
perhaps the best that has been devised. The best time to do this work is
in spring and fall, and it must be thoroughly done on all the trees.

The practice of "mounding" the trees in early summer is frequently
recommended, as it compels the deposition of the eggs some distance above
the ground, and the chances are that the birds and predaceous insects devour
the young larva before it has a chance to bore into the trunk.

Wrapping the trunk with tarred paper in July and washing the trunk
twice with a thick wash composed of "two quarts of strong soap, a half pint
of crude carbolic acid in a pail of water with enough of lime and clay to
make a thin paste," are methods often used by fruit-growers with consid-
erable success. These methods will give best results if they are, made auxil-
iary to the worming process.

The San Jose Scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus Comst), has extended its
area considerably during the year, not only in the Niagara district but also
in the south western part comprising the counties of Kent and Essex. In
the latter region little or nothing is being done by the owners of the trees to
control the scale, so that its spread has been very rapid.

1905 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 135

In the Niagara district there are now areas thoroughly infested which
the inspectors three years ago reported "clean." The number of dead and
dying orchard trees is becoming larger every year, and many fruit-growers
have had to go out of business because they would not spray.

In another article in this Report I give an account of some experiments
which Mr. P. W. Hodgetts and myself conducted to determine the efficiency
of the newer scale remedies.

The Codling Worm (Carpocapsa pomonella) was perhaps not so des-
tructive this year as usual to apples. The Fruit Marks' Act is in many
instances compelling apple-growers to spray their trees, for XXX or No. 1
fruit must be practically free from worm and scab.

The Rose Chafer (Macrodactylus suhspinosus) (Fig. 30) appeared in
large numbers in one or two peach orchards along the lake shore in the
Niagara district. This insect is a brownish, long-legged beetle, and breeds
in sandy, undrained meadow land. The eggs are laid in the ground and the
grubs feed on the roots of grasses. By autumn they reach full growth; in
spring they pupate and the adults emerge in June or July. Sometimes these
beetles fly in hordes to adjacent vineyards and peach orchards, where they
devour the foliage and eat holes in the young peaches. Under such conditions
little can be done for arseni'cals do not seem to have much effect in diminish-
ing their numbers. Usually they disappear as suddenly as they came. The
only remedy to prevent future recurrences of these beetles is to break up and
cultivate the meadow land, their breeding places.

'The Apple Maggot {Trypeta pomonella) is a serious enemy of apples in
the eastern part of the Province and Quebec, Its work is readily recognized,
as the maggot tunnels the pulp of the apple in all directions, thus rendering
it worthless. The adults of these maggots are two-winged flies. They make
their appearance in early summer and deposit their eggs through the skin
of the apple. The maggots on reaching maturity crawl out of the apple,
and transform to pupae in the ground, where they remain all winter.

Spraying as a treatment for this insect is of little or no value. The
fallen apples and those infested with maggots should be fed to hogs ; in fact,
where these maggots are present every year, the hogs should have free run
of the orchard.

Grape-Berry Moth (Polychrosis viteana, Clemens), (Fig. 34). While
engaged in carrying on spraying experiments in vineyards in the Niagara
district this season, we found many cases of grapes which were infested with
a small dark caterpillar. This caterpillar was quite abundant in some vine-
yards and was evidently doing much harm. We were not able to work out
the life-history of this insect on account of the limited time at our disposal,
but we glean the following information from Bulletin 231, "The Grape-
Berry Moth," by Prof. Slingerland of the Cornell Agricultural Experiment
Station, November, 1904.

The winter is passed in the pupa state in the cocoon, which is most com-
monly observed on damp and decaying leaves near the ground under the
vines. About the first of June the moths escape and deposit their eggs,
probablj^ on the stems of the blossom clusters. The early» caterpillars begin
feeding before the grape blossoms are fully opened, and they often destroy
the bud blossoms. Throughout the blooming period the caterpillars continue
to work and destroy many of the young developing fruits. This first, or
spring, brood of caterpillars feed on the outside of the blossoms and berries,
and are thus readily treated with poisons. By July the first most of the
caterpillars have reached full size and soon make their peculiar cocoons out
of leaves fastened together by silk threads, and lined on the inside with white

136 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

silk. Within three or four days, the caterpillar, after forming its cocoon,
transforms into a pupa, and a couple of weeks later the moth begins to
emerge. Eggs are again laid for a second brood, and this summer brood
of caterpillars works during the latter half of July and August. The eggs
of the summer brood are laid on the skin of the green berries or on the stems.
The most injury is done by this second brood of caterpillars, since in Ontario
vineyards the number of the second brood is very large. Many of this sum-
mer brood become full grown in August and form their characteristic cocoons
and develop moths by the first of September. Some, however, hibernate as
pupae, so that there is only a partial third brood in the autumn. Some of
the caterpillars of the third brood are full grown before October the first,
and transform to pupae wathin the berries, but most of them make their
characteristic cocoons on the leaves like the earlier broods.

Prof. Slingerland recommends the following treatments for the Grape-
Berry Moth :

(1) The destruction of fallen leaves. As has been stated, the cocoons
winter over on the leaves near or on the surface of the ground. It is evident
that the gathering and burning of fallen leaves will destroy the great major-
ity of the cocoons. He also advocates early cultivation, especially the land
along the trellis under the vines, in which case many of the hibernating
pupse will be buried and destroyed.

(2) The bagging of clusters of grapes, by putting paper bags around the
clusters soon after they have set. This is practicable only to a limited
extent, but many grape-growers find that it pays to bag many of their choice
grape clusters.

(3) The picking of infested berries in August. It is a comparatively
easy matter to detect grapes infested with the Grape-Berry Moth caterpillar,
and when such berries are picked and destroyed, much injury can be averted
and the surrounding grapes can be saved.

(4) The application of arsenical poison sprays. Experiments were con-
ducted in the Chatauqua district during the last two or three seasons, and
successful results have been secured from the application of arsenical
poisons, and Prof. Slingerland strongly advocates their use in infested vine-
yards, but states that the poison spray is effective only against the spring
brood of caterpillars working in the blossoms, and recently set clusters. He
advises two applications at the rate of four pounds of arsenate of lead in 50
pounds of water or Bordeaux Mixture. The first application shoiild be made
before the blossoms open and the second just after the blossoms fall. Now
that many of our grape-growers are using Bordeaux for the control of the
Black Eot and the Mildews, it is an easy matter to add the arsenical poisons
to this mixture, so that the Grape-Berry Moth can be controlled at the same
time as the fungus diseases.

Shade Trees.

The Spiny Elm Caterpillar, the larva of the Mourning Cloak butterfly
(Euvanessa antiopa) was more numerous than usual this summer on elms.
This caterpillar is not often sufficiently numerous to attract attention, or to
destroy foliage. The different stages of this insect are interesting. The
winter is passed as a butterfly, and almost any bright day it may be seen
flitting about as if it enjoyed the sunshine. Its wings are of a dark, rich
purplish-brown color with yellowish borders, dotted with brown. Its eggs
are beautifully sculptured, and are laid in compact clusters about a twig.
The caterpillars are salt-and-pepper colored with a row of red spots along

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 137

the middle of tiie back, and their bodies are protected by many branched
spines. Their chrysalids are also spiny and they occur suspended by the tail.

The caterpillars of the White-Tipped Moth {Edema albifrons) were also
very abundant this fall on the leaves of the hard maple about Guelph. They
are readily recognized by their smooth, shiny body, by the numerous fine
yellow and black stripes, and by the orange-red head, and the orange-red
hump near the end of the body.

The Walnut Datana Caterpillars (Datana Sp.) (Fig. 74) were very
numerous on walnut trees in the south western part of the Province in August
and September, and in many cases stripped the trees of their leaves. Thes^
larvae when full grown are about two inches in length. To the owners of
shade walnuts and hickories the habits of these caterpillars are rather mys-
terious. When disturbed the caterpillars raise both ends of their bodies to
assume a threatening attitude. They feed in colonies and at moulting period
they descend the trunk of the tree and congregate in a large mass. When
full grown they descend to the ground to pupate, hence their mysterious
disappearance at this stage. The moths are brown, with bars crossing the
front wings, which may expand one and three-quarter inches.

These caterpillars can be readily poisoned by Paris green applications,
and at moulting periods captured en Tnasse.

Fall Web-Worms (Hyphantria cunea) were more numerous this year
than usual. Usually the webs are confined to forest trees, but this fall their
webs were observed in many vineyards, on currant and raspberry plantations,
and in apple orchards.

Their webs are unsightly objects, especially when they are large, and
become filled with dead leaves, moulted skins, and excrement. The cater-
pillars differ in their habit of feeding from the Tent Caterpillars, as they
always feed within the web. Moreover, they are very variable in color and
markings, — some having a black band along the back and long white hairs,
while others have two rows of prominent black marks instead of a band, and
have shorter hairs.

The pupae are formed within cocoons, and are usually found at the
surface of the ground, mixed with dirt, in crevices of bark of trees, under
fences, &c. The moths appear in early summer, and the eggs are deposited
in flat masses on the under surfaces of leaves.

There is but one brood a year in Ontario. Two or three lines of treat-
ment may be adopted against the -Fall Web-worm : (1) to spray the cater-
pillars with arsenical poisons, such as Paris green or arsenate of lead; (2)
to destroy the webs by burning them on the tree with a torch; and (3) to
clean up all refuse so as to destroy the hibernating cocoons.

The Cottony Maple Scale (Pulvinaria innumerahilis) was even more
destructive this year than last, having been reported from many towns
in the western peninsula. Briefly, the life-history is as follows : — The females
winter over on the twigs, and in spring begin feeding and secreting a cottony
mass for the reception of the large number of eggs which are laid at this
time. The larvae soon hatch by the thousands, and swarm over the leaves
and twigs. They soon become fixed and begin forming a scale-like covering.
In August they become mature, and usually in September females are fer-
tilized by the males who die soon afterwards.

Treatment is rather difficult, but much may be done by spraying the trees
with the kerosene-soap emulsion at the time the larvae are crawling. Suc-
cess has followed the application of strong streams of cold water in spring,
when the eggs are dislodged from the cottony mass and are destroyed. In
some cases winter and spring pruning is beneficial. It is very probable.

138 THE REPORT OF THE No. 19

however, tliat the insect enemies of this scale will soon get the upper hand
and keep it in check.

The Spruce Gall Louse (Chermes ahietis) is extending its range every
year, but in the older sections the parasities are apparently keeping it in
check. There are two broods annually; the eggs of the first brood appear
in May in fluffy masses on the affected spruce twigs, the second in August.

Judicious pruning when practicable, and applications of kerosene-soap
solution in May when the larvae are hatching will do much to prevent the
spread of this insect.

The Tussock Moth {Orgyia leuco stigma) was very injurious in our large
cities, but much information has been written in this and previous reports
regarding it, and it is only necessary here to note its occurrence.

EEPOET OF THE BRITISH COLUMBIA BEANCH OF THE ENTOMO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTAEIO FOE THE TEAE 1905.

The fourth annual meeting was held February 6th, 1905, at the Queen's
School, Vancouver. There were present Eev. G. W. Taylor (President) in
the chair, T. Wilson (Vice-President), E. V. Harvey (Secretary-Treasurer),
A. H. Bush, E. S. Sherman, E. Draper and J. Towler.

The minutes of the last meeting were read and approved.

The Treasurer presented the balance sheet for the year 1904, which was
passed.

The retiring officers were re-elected for the ensuing year.
_ It was unanimously resolved that the British Columbia Entomological
Society should become an affiliated branch of the Entomological Society of
Ontario, and the Secretary was empowered to conduct the necessary negotia-
tions.

The Society now numbers nineteen active members ; eight of these reside
in the neighborhood of Vancouver, but the rest are so widely scattered through
the Province as to make representative gatherings difficult, and severely
handicap co-operation in entomological studies.

Individual members, however, have done good work, and the forthcoming
list of B. C. Lepidoptera, compiled by Eev. G. W. Taylor, besides his papers
on our Geometridae, which will appear shortly, will show how much has been
accomplished in the last few years.

In other orders various members are rapidly accumulating valuable
notes and extensive collections : in the Coleoptera, Messrs. Taylor, Hanham,
and others; in Hymenoptera, Mr. Venables; in Diptera, Messrs. Venables,
Sherman and Harvey.

The season of 1905 was not notable for either abundance of insects or
particularly interesting captures. It is worth noting that a moth hitherto
regarded as extremely rare, Lepisesia flavo fas data, var, ulaluvie, Strk., was
taken in some numbers both by Mr. Taylor at Wellington and by several
Vancouver collectors round cherry and apple blossom in early spring. Mr.
Venables of Vernon records the capture of a specimen of a fine Sphingid,
Marvmha modesta.

E. V. HAEVEY,

Dec. 30th, 1905. Hon. Secretary-Treasurer.

./

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

139

LIST OF CANADIAN MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

OF ONTARIO.

Province of Ontario.

Abbott, Dr. A. R Torcnto.

Albright, W. D London.

Andrus, G. A "

Arnott, Dr. D. H. ..., "

Baker A. C "

Baker' Merrit, O.A.C. .."".Guelph.

Balkwill, J. A London.

Bapty, Miss Gertrude "

Barlow. B Guelph,

Benson, W. D London

Bethune Rev. C. J. S....

Binnie, T. H., O.A.C Guelph.

Black, Davidson Torcnto.

Blackmore, Miss E "

Blue, John "

Bock. H. P London.

Bond G.. O.A.C Guelph.

Bond, I. B London.

Boon Miss Bella C "

Bowman. Prof. J. H "

Brodie, Dr T. Torcnto.

Buchanan. J., O.A.C Guelph.

Butt, W Oakville. .

Butterworth, C London.

Buttery, Miss G

Cfesar, L.. O.A.C. '. Guelph.

Cornish, G. A Lindsay.

Creelman, Pres't, O.A.C. Guelph.

Dearness,- Prof. John London.

Dickson, J. R., O.A.C Guelph.

Dunlop, Miss M. V AVoodstock.

Durand, Napier N Eglinton.

Elliott. W. H Torcnto.

Evans, J. D Trenton.

Fisher, George E Burlington.

Fletcher. Dr. J Ottawa.

Fox, Charles J London

Eraser, W. J Torcnto.

Gammage, Wm London.

Gib.son, Arthur Ottawa.

Goodeve, Miss A Woodstock.

Graham, R. R., O.A.C. ...Guelph.

Grant, C. E Orillia.

Green B London.

Haas, S. Ward Walkerville.

Hahn, Paul Torcnto.

Haight, D. H Copper Cliff.

Hallam R Torcnto.

Hallam, M "

Hamilton, W. H London.

Harrington, W. H Ottawa.

Hicks. F. M. London.

Horton, C. W Toronto.

Hotson, J. W., O.A.C Guelph.

Hotson, Miss Maude London.

Jackson, V. W., O.A.C. ...Guelph.

Jarvis, T. D., O.A.C

Jones. D., O.A.C Bartonville.

Johnston, J Guelph.

Keays, J. E London.

Kilman. A. H Ridgeway.

King, R. W Torcnto.

Klinck, C. R., O.A.C Guelph.

Law, John London.

Lawson, F "

Lochhead, Prof. W Guelph.

MacMillan, H. R., O.A.C.

Maughan, J., Jr Torcnto.

Mayou, Miss London.

Mayou, Mrs "

McCready, Prof. S. B Guelph

McQueen, Alex London.

Merchant, Principal F. W. "

Moore, T. J., O.A.C Guelph.

Morden, John A Hyde Park.

Mosey, Miss Toronto.

Nash, C. W

Paine, John London.

Painter, A. J., O.A.C Guelph.

Parsons, C. E London.

Pearson, Gerald "

Peek, Walter M. Freeman.

Priddis, Miss London.

Pugsley, E Port Rowan.

Read win, R Guelph.

Rennie H. C London.

Rennie, R. W "

Richard, A. E Ottawa.

Rigsby, Rev. W London.

Sanders, G. E., O.A.C Guelph.

Saunders, Henry S Torcnto.

Saunders, W. E London.

Sherman, Prof. F., O.A.C. Guelph.

Silcox, Sidney St. Thomas.

Simpson, Miss J London.

Slater, A. E., O.A.C Guelph.

Smith, Walter London.

Spittal. Miss "

Stewart, E Ottawa.

Stewart, J London.

Stevenson,. Dr. W. J "

Stuart, F. A "

Tanton, John "

Thompson, P. J "

Thompson, W. Rcbin "

Thompstone, E., O.A.C... Guelph.

Tyner, S Prescott.

Walker, E. M., M.B Torcnto.

Watson, Dr. A. H. R Pert Hope.

Webb John H Torcnto.

Weir, D., O.A.C Guelph.

Westland, Malcolm London.

White, James Snelgrove.

Wheaton, R. R., O.A.C... Guelph.

Williams, J. B Torcnto.

Wood A. A Coldstream.

Wood, S. T Toronto.

Wood, T. M Baltimore.

Woclverton, Dr London.

Yerex, O. E Little Britain.

Young, C. H Hurdman's

Bridge.
Zavitz, E. J., O.A.C Guelph.

Province of Quebec.

Barwick, E. C Montreal.

Begin, Rev. Abbe P. A...Sherbrooke.

140 THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. No. 19

List of Canadian Members — Concluded.

Bickell, Miss Quebec.

Boulton, A. R. M "

Boiilton, Mrs "

Bowen, Miss "

Brainerd, Dwight Montreal.

Brainerd, E "

Brodie, Mrs. Alex Quebec.

Burgess, Dr. T. J. W Verdun.

Chagnon, Gustave Montreal.

Denny, E

Dunlop, G. C

Elliott, W. R Sherbrooke.

Freeman, Miss I. H Quebec.

Fvles, H Levis.

Fyles, Miss W "

Fyles Mrs "

Fyles, Rev. Dr "

Geggie, James Beauport.

Geggie, Miss Lois "

Gibb, Lachlan ....Montreal.

Griffin, A.

Hamel, Miss Julia Levis.

Hedge, Miss Louisa Montreal.

Huard, Rev. Victor Quebec.

Johnston, Miss M. G Levis.

Johnstone, Walstan Montreal.

Lindsay, Col. Crawford ..Quebec.

Lyman, H. H Montreal.

MacDonald, Miss Elloe ...Quebec.

MacLeod, Miss E "

McCuaig, Rev. W. W. ...Levis.

Moore, G. A Montreal.

Morgan, Mrs. James Quebec.

Newman, C. P Lachine Locks.

Norris, A. E Montreal.

Ouellet, C. S. V ''

Poston, Mrs. T. A Levis.

Reford, L Montreal.

Reich, Emil "

Robinson, T. S Outremont.

Roy, Rev. Prof. Elias Levis.

Scott, Rev. F. G Quebec.

Seton, Mrs. W. W Levis.

Simmons, J. H "

Simmons, Mrs. J. H "

Southee, G. R Outremont.

Stevenson, Charles Montreal.

Tourchot, A. L St. Hyacinthe.

Turnbull, Lt.-Col. F Quebec.

Turner, Hon. Richard .... "
Turner, Mrs. Richard .... "

Wade Miss Annabel "

Wade, Miss Gladys H. ...

Winfield, Mrs

Wi'nn, A. F Montreal.

Wintle, Gilbert Como.

Wood, Rev. Edmund Montreal.

Alberta.

Baird. Thos High River.

Dod, F. H. Wolley Millarville.

Gould, Henry Red Deer.

Gregscn, Percy B Blackfalds.

Sanson, N. B Banff.

ASSINIBOIA.

Willing, T. N Regina.

British Columbia.

Anderson, Ernest M Victoria.

Bryant, T "

Bush, A. H Vancouver.

Cockle, J. W Kaslc.

Danby, W. H Rossland.

Draper, R Vancouver.

Findlay, Rev. George H...Fort Steele.

Hanham, A. W Victoria.

Harvey, R. V Vancouver.

Jones, W. A. Dashwood...New Westmin-
ster.

Keen, Rev. J. H Metlakatla.

Livingston, Clermont Duncan's Sta.

Marrion, B Vancouver.

Reed, E. Baynes Victoria.

Sherman, R. S Vancouver.

Skinner, E. M Duncan's Sta.

Taylor, Rev. G. W Wellington.

Towler, J Vancouver.

Venables, E. P Vernon.

Wilson, T Vancouver.

Manitoba.

Boger, H. W. O Brandon.

Criddle, Norman Aweme.

Dennis, A. J Beulah.

Heath, E. Firmstone Cartwright.

Hutchinson, H Kinosota.

Marmont, L. E Rounthwaite.

New Brunswick.

Mcintosh, Wm St. John.

Nova Scotia.

Harlow, L. C Truro.

Mackay, Dr. A. H Halifax.

Russell, J Digby.

Swaine, J. M Antigonishe.

Honorary Members.
Ashmead, Dr. W. H Washington,

D. C.
Cresson, Ezra T Philadelphia,

Pa.
Edwards, William H Coalburgh,

W. Va.
Howard, Dr. L. Washington,

D. C.
Osten Sacken, Baron R... Heidelberg,

Germany.
Scudder, S. H Cambridge,

Mass.
Smith, Prof. J. B New Bruns-
wick, N.J.

Uhler, P. R Baltimore, Md.

Webster Prof. F. M Washington,

D. C.
Wickham, Prof. H. F Iowa City,

Iowa.

Life Member.
Saurdois, Dr. Wm., (Direc-
tor of the Experiment-
al Farms of the Do-
minion) Ottawa.

INDEX.

PAGE.

Agrctis subgothica 107 (fig.)

Agrotis ypsilon 106 (fig.)

Aldrich's Catalogue of N. Am.

Diptera 92

Algonquin Park, insects of 65

American Insects: Kellogg 93

Anopheles maculipennis 35

Anthcnomus signatus 22

Ants 116 (figs.)

Aphis brassicse 86

Aphis of the Apple, the Woolly, 8, 10 (fig.)
Apple, insects affecting, 8, 13, 14,

22, 87. 88, 135

Archips purpurana 122

Archips rosaceana 116 (fig.)

Asparagus Beetles 13, 14

Aspidiotus perniciosus (see San Jose

scale).

A.ster Shark 119

Balaninus beetle 123 (fig.)

Barathra occidentata 85, 107

Bedellia somnulentella 122

Beneficial Insects 106 (figs.)

Bethune, C. J. S., artcles by 10, 46

Blister beetles 109 (figs.)

Bcmbus, species fertilizing Red

Clover 129

Books on Entomology 92

British Cclumbia Butterflies 70

Buffalo Tree-hopper 89

Bumble-bees that fertilize Red Clover 128

Buprestis Borer 125 (fig.)

Burdock Borer 117

Butterflies of the West Coast:

Wright 94

Cabbage, insects affecting ...86, 131, 133

Calosoma calidum 106 (figs.)

Calosoma scrutator 54, 55 (fig.)

Carnations, Maggot affecting 120

Carrot Rust-fly 86

Cecidom>ia leguminicola 84

Cereal crops, insects affecting 21, 81

Ceresa bubalus 89

Chermes abietis 89, 138

Chrysophanus thoe 119 (figs.)

Cicada oanicularis 55 (figs.), 58

Cladius pectinicornis Ill

PAGE.

Clover-leaf Weevil 84

Clover-seed Caterpillar 84

Clover-seed Midge 34

Clover Weevil, the Green 84

Codling Moth 8, 13, 14, 22, 135

Coleophora laricella 90

Coleoptera, captures of 100

C( lumbine Borer 118

Conotrachelus nenuphar 26

Cook's Insect Galls of Indiana 92

Corn, Insects affecting 83, 131

Cottony Maple Scale.. .10, 11 (fig.), 14, 137

Cucullia asteroides 119

Culex pipiens 35

Culex pungens 36 (figs.)

Currant Sawfly 8

Cutworms 7, 85, 106 (figs.)

Datana caterpillars on Walnut 137

Dendroctonus frontalis 126

Diacrisia virginica 113 (figs.)

Diamcnd-back Moth 85 (figs.), 86, 112

Diaspis rosse 114

Diglcchis omnivora 19

Diptera, captures of 104

Diptera, Catalogue of N. American :

Aldrich 92

Dragon-flies from Algonquin Park 64, 67

Edema albifrons 137

Emphytus Canadensis 115

Emphytus cinctipes Ill

Endelomyia rosse Ill

Enodia portlandia 54, 55 (fig.)

Epicauta penn.sylvanica 109

Epicauta vittata 109 (fig.)

E5.tigmene acrsea 113 (figs.)

Eudemis botrana 87 (fig.)

Euptoieta claudia 24 (fig.), 120

Euvanessa antiopa 136

Evans, John D., articles by 47, 49

Fall Web-worm 8, 13, 137

Field crcps. Insects affecting 21, 81

Flea Beetles 85, (fig.), 86, 110, (fig.)

Fletcher, J., articles by 79, 81, 90

Flower garden, injurious insects of

the 105

Fodder crops, Insects affecting 83

Forest Insects 56, 89, 123 (figs.)

[141]

142

THE REPORT OF THE

No. 19

PVGE.

Four-lined Leaf-bug 108

Fruit-trees, Insects affecting

8, 22, 27, 86, 134

Fyles, T. W., articles by 15, 56, 61

Garden crops, Insects affecting ...21, 130

Gibson, A., article by 105

Gortyna cataphracta • 15

Gortyna nitela 1^

Grant, C. E., article by 9

Grape-berry Moth 87 (fig.), 135

Grape-vine Flea-beetle 115 (figs.)

Grape-vine Leaf -hopper 114

Grapholitha interstinctana 84

Gryllidse from Algonquin Park 67

Hsematobia serrata 129

Haltica chalybea 115 (figs.)

Hampson's Catalogue of the Lepid-

optera Phaleense in the British

Museum 93

Harlequin Cabbage bug 22 (fig.)

Hemerocampa leucostigma 9

Hemiptera of the Adirondacks: Van

Duzee 94

Hickory, insects affecting 126

Homohadena badistriga 118

Horn-fly 129

Hyphantria cunea 137

Insect Galls of Indiana: Cook 92

Insects as Nature Studies 52

Iris Bcrer 118

Isosoma hordei 129

Isosoma tritici 81 (figs.)

Jarvis, T. D., articles by 127, 128

Jassidse of New York State: Osborn 93

Jcint-worms 81, 129

Junonia csenia 24 (fig.)

Kellogg' s American Insects 93

Kerosene emulsion, improved method

of making 88, 109

Labidcmera clivicoUis 117

Lace-winged Fly 106 (figs.)

Lady-bird Beetles 106 (figs.)

Larch Case-bearer 90

Larch Saw-fly 89, 124 (fig.)

Leaf-hoppers 114

Lcaf-tyer, the Greenhouse 121

Lepidoptera Heterocera, captures of 97
Lepidopteral Rhopalocera, captures of 96
Lepidoptera Rhopalocera, Catalogue

of: Skinner 94

Lepidoptera Phalsense, Catalogue of :

Hampscn 93

Lepidosaphes ulmi 114, 115 (figs.)

Leptinotarsa decemlineata 117 (figs.)

Lime, Sulphur and Salt Wash 22, 27

LithocoUetes fragilella 122

Lcchhead, W., articles by 27, 129

Locustidse from Algonquin Park 67

Lyda affecting Spruce 127 (figs.)

Lygus pratensis 15, 108, 131, 132 (fig.)

Lyman, H. H., article by 18

Macrodactylus subspinosus

81 (figs.), 83, 110 (fig.), 124, 135

Macronoctua onusta 118

Mamestra picta 8, 10 (fig.), 112

Maple-leaf Gall Mite 9

Maple Scale, the Cottony, 10, 11 (fig.), 14

May Beetle 12 (figs.), 14, 58, 107

McCready, S. B., article by 52

Mecostethus gracilis 65

Mecostethus lineatus 65

Melancplus Bruneri 66

Melanoplus species taken in Algon-
quin Park 66

Members, List of 139

Milkweed Doryphora 117

Mint Sphinx 119

Monohammus scutellatus 59 (fig.)

Monohammus titillator 59 (fig.)

Mosquitoes, Disease transmitting 34

Mosquitoes of New Jersey: Smith.... 94

Mosquitoes, Work against 35

Murgantia histrionica. 22 (fig.)

Nemobius palustris 65

Nicholl, Mrs., article by 70

North Carolina, Entomological con-
ditions in 20

Oblique-banded Leaf-roller 116

Odonata, captures of 102

Odonata fi'om Algonquin Park ...64, 67

Olethreutes hemidesma 119

Onion Maggot 133

Orchelimum vulgare 65

Orgyia antiqua 15, 57

Orgyia leucostigma 15, 18, 57

Orthoptera, captures of 102

Orthoptera from Algonquin Park 64

Osborn's Jassidse of New York State 93

Oyster-shell Scale 114, 115 (figs.)

Papilio thoas 26 (fig.)

Packard, Dr. A. S., death of 40

Papaipema cataphracta 118

Papaipema nitela 83 (figs.)

Papaipema purpurifascia 118

Paragrotis ochrogaster 7

Pea Weevil 13, 14, 50, 82, 129

1905

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

143

PAGE.

Peach-tree Borer 134 (figs.)

Phloeothrips poaphagus 84

Phlyctsenia ferrugalis 121

Phlyctsenia rubigalis 121

Phcrbia fusciceps 131 (figs.)

Phyllotreta vittata 86

Phytonomus nigrirostris 84

Phytonomus punctatus 84

Phytoptus qiiadripes 9

Pine, Insects injuring 125

Pissodes strobi 125 (fig.)

Plagionotus speciosus 59 (fig.)

Plant Lice 109 (figs.)

Plum Curculio 22, 26

Plutella cruciferarum ...85 (figs.), 86, 112
Plutella maculipennis ...85 (figs.), 86, 112

Poecilocapsis lineatus 108

Polychrosis riteana 135

Pcntia rapse Ill (figs.)

Potato Beetle, the Colorado 117 (fig.)

Prionoxystus robinise 125

Prionus laticoUis 55 (fig.), 58

Psila rosse 86

Pterophorus monodactylus 122

Pulvinaria innumerabilis, 10, 11 (fig.)

14, 137

Pyrrhia umbra 119

Radish Maggot 133

Record, Entcmological, for 1905 90

Red Clover, Bees that fertilize 128

Red-headed Flea Beetle 85 (fig.)

Red Spider 116. 127 (fig.)

Rhodites radicum 121 (fig.)

Root crops, Insects affecting 85

Rose Chafer... 81 (figs.), 83, 110 (fig.), 135

Rose Leaf-hopper 114

Rose Root-gall 121 (fig.)

Rose Scale 114

Rose Slug, the American Ill

Rose Worms Ill

Roct Maggots 132

Salt-marsh Caterpillar and Moth

113 (figs.)

San Jose Scale... 22, 27, 32 (figs.), 87, 134

Sanninoidea esitiosa 134 (figs.)

Saperda Candida 59 (figs.)

Sawflies affecting Blue Spruce, 127 (figs.)

Sawflies affecting Roses Ill

Sawflies affecting Violets 115

Schizonoura lanigera 8, 10, (fig.), 88

Scolytus beetles 125 (figs.)

Scudderia furcata 65

PAGE.

Seed-corn Maggot 131 (figs.)

Shade-trees, insects affect'g, 10, 15, 18, 136

Sherman, F., article by 20

Silver-top (in grasses) 84

Skinner's Catalogue of N. Am.

Rhopalocera 94

Smith, John B., lecture by 34

Smith's Mcsquitoes of New Jersey... 94

Snails and Slugs 117

Sparganothis flavibasana 121

Spharagenion Belli 65

Sphinx eremitus 119

Spirfea Leaf-tyer 120

Spruce Gall-louse 89, 138

Stalk-borer 83 (figs.)

Stevenson, C, article by 53

Straussia longipennis 120

Strawberry Weevil 22

Sunflower Peacock Fly 120

Systena frontalis 85 (fig.)

Tarnished Plant-bug 15, 108, 131,

132 (fig.)

Tent Caterpillars... 8, 9, 50, 55 (figs.), 57

Tetranychus bimaculatus 127

Tortrix albicomana 122

Tremex Columba 60 (fig.), 125

Trypeta pomonella 135

Turnip, Insects affecting 86

Tussock Moths 9, 11 (figs.),

13, 15, 16 (figs.), 18

Typhlccyba comes 114

Typhlocj'ba rosse 114

Typhlocyba vitis 114

Van Duzee's Hemiptera of the Adir-

ondacks ' 94

Vegetables, Insects affecting 85

Violet Sawfly 115

Walker, E. M., article by 64

Walnut, caterpillars affecting 137

Wheat Joint Worm 81 (figs.)

White Cabbage Butterfly Ill (figs.)

White Grubs... 8, 12 (figs.), 14, 58, 107, 133

Williams, J. B., article by 9

Wire-worms 12 107 (fig.), 108

Woolly Aphis of the Apple, 8, 10 (fig.), 88

Woolly-Bear caterpillars 113 (figs.)

Wright's Butterflies of the West

Coast : . 94

Young, C. H., article by 7

Zavitz, E. J., article by 123

Zebra Caterpillar 8, 10 (fig.), 112

THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF ONTARIO

1906

(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. TORONTO.)

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO.

TORONTO :
Printed by L. K. CAMERON, Printer to the King's Moit Excellent Majesty

1907

THIRTY-SEVENTH ANNUAL REPORT

OF THE

ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY
OF ONTARIO

1 906

(PUBLISHED BY THE ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, TORONTO.)

PRINTED BY ORDER OF

THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY OF ONTARIO

^^m^

^T?>\pJ!

TORONTO :
Printed by L. K. CAMERON. Printer to the King's Moat Eacalieal Majesty

i9o-r7l

To the Honourable William Mortimer Clark, K.C,

Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Ontario.

May it please your Honour:

I have the pleasure to present herewith for the consideration of your
Honour the Report of the Entomological Society for 1906.

Respectfully submitted,

NELSON MONTEITH,

Minister of Agriculture.
Toronto 1907

CONTENTS.

PAGK.

List of Canadian Members of the Society vii

Letter of Transmission 1

Officers for 1906-1907 2

Annual Meeting of the Entomological Society of Ontario ; 3

The Codling Worm Discussion 3

Parasilj^ism of Carpocapsa pomonella: W. Brodie 5

Reports on Insects of the Year: Division No. 1, C. H. Young 15

Division No. 2, C. E. Grant 16

Division No. 3, J. B. Williams 17

Division No. 4, G. E. Fisher 17

Annual Address of the President: John D. E.vans 21

What the Ontario Entomological Society can do for the Ontario Agricultural

College: W. Lochhead , 23

San Jose Scale Discussion 25

Report of the Council 27

" Montreal Branch 31

" Quebec Branch 32

• >Ii" Toronto Branch ' 34

" British Columbia Branch 34

Guelph Branch -r 36

" Delegate to the Royal Society 36

" Librarian and Curator 38

' ' Auditors 3&

A Hunt for a Borer: H. H. Lyman 39

Two Insects affecting Red Clover Seed Production: T. D. Jarvis 41

Injurious Insects of 1906 in Ontario: C. J. S. Bethune 45

Insect Galls of Ontario: Tennyson D. Jarvis .• 56

Hemiptera : Thomas W. Fyles '3

Basswood, or Linden, Insects: Arthur Gibson 78

Insects Injurious to Ontario Crops in 1906: James Fletcher 81

Entomological Record, 1906: James Fletcher and A. Gibson 86

In the Tracks of Nejnatus Erichsonii: Thomas W. Fyles 105

The Notodontidce of th© Province of Quebec: Thomas W. Fyles 107

The Locust Mite: Tennyson D. Jarvis HI

The Oyster-Shell Bark-louse: Tennyson D. Jarvis HI

The Bean Weevil: Arthur Gibson 116

Index

118

[v.]

LIST OF CANADIAN MEMBERS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

Pkovince of Ontario.

Abbott, Dr. A. R Toronto.

Albright, W. D London.

Baker, A. C

Balkwill, J. A "

Barlow, B., O. A. C Guelph,

Bethune, Prof. , C. J. S. , O. A. C "

Binnie, T. H., O. A. C "

Black, Davidson loronto.

Blackmore, Miss E "

Bock, H. P London.

Bond, G Guelph.

Bowman, J. H London.

Brodie, Dr Toronto.

Brown, Walter "

Buchanan, J., O. A.C Guelph.

Butt, W Oakville.

Caesar, L., 0. A. C Guelph.

Coleman, R. E Toronto.

Cornish, G. A Orillia.

Cosens, A Toronto .

Creelman, Pres't, O. A. C Guelph.

Dearness, Prof, J London.

Dunlop, James Woodstock .

Edmunds, Brodie Toronto.

Elliott, W. H "

Evans, J. D Trenton.

Fisher, George E .• Freeman.

Fletcher, Dr. James Ottawa.

Eraser, W. J . . , Toronto.

Frier, G. M., O. A. C Guelph.

Gibson, Arthur Ottawa.

Grant, C. E Orillia.

Hahn, Paul Toronto.

Haight, D. H Copper Cliff.

Hallam, M Toronto.

Hallam, R "

Hamilton, R. S Gait.

Harrington, W. H Ottawa.

Howitt, J. E., O. A. C Guelph.

Jarvis, Leonard London.

Jarvis, T. D., 0. A. C Guelph.

Johnston, James Hamilton.

Jones, D., O. A. C Guelph.

Kilman, A. H Ridgeway.

King, R. W Toronto.

Law, John London.

Lawrence, C. A., 0. A. C Guelph.

Lawson, F London.

Maughan, J., Jr Toronto.

McCready, Prof. S.B., O. A.C. Guelph.

McRitchie, A. R Kincardine.

Merchant, Principal F. W... London.

Moore, T. J Guelph .

Morden, J. A Hyde Park

Corners.

Mosey, Miss Toronto.

Nash, C. W

Painter, A. J., 0. A. C Guelph.

Pearson, Gerald London.

Readwin, R Guelph.

Richard, A. E Ottawa.

Rossiter, Geo Toronto.

Sanders, G. E., O. A. C Guelph.

Saunders, H. 8 Toronto.

Saunders, W. E London.

Silcox, Sidney St. Thomas.

Slater, A. E., O. A. C Guelph.

Smith, A Renfrew.

Smith, Walter London.

Stewart, E Ottawa.

Stewart, J London.

Stuart, F. A London '.

Tanton, John Uxbridge.

Thompson, P. J London.

Thompson, W. Robin, O. A.C. Guelph

Treherne, R., C.O.A C

Walker, Dr. E. M Toronto.

Watson, Dr. A. H. R Port Hope

Webb, J. H Toronto.

Westland, Malcolm London

Wheaton, R. R., O.A.C Guelph!

White. James Snelgrove

Williams, J. B Toronto.

Wood, A. A London.

Wood, S. T Toronto.'

Yerex, O . E Little Britain.

loung, C. H Ottawa.

Zavitz, E. J., O.A.C Guelph.

Province op Quebec.

Barwick, E. C Montreal.

Begin, Rev. Abbe, P. A Sherbrooke.

Bickell, Miss Quebec.

Boulton, A. R. M

Bo wen, Miss "

Brainerd, Dwight Montreal .

Brainerd, E "

Burgess, Dr. T. J. W Verdun.

Chagnon, Gustave Montreal .

Denny, E "

Dunlop, G. C

Elliott, W. R Sherbrooke.

Freeman, Miss I . H Quebec .

Fyles, H Levis.

Fyles, Miss W "

Fyles, Mrs "

Fyles, Rev. Dr. T. W "

Geggie, James. • Beauport.

Geggie, Miss Lois "

Gibb, Lachlan Montreal.

Griffin, A "

Hamel, Miss Julia Levis.

Hedge, Miss Lousia "

Huard, Rev. Victor Quebec .

Johnston, Miss M. G Levis.

Lindsay, Col. Crawford Quebec .

Lochhead, Prof Ste . Anne

^'r: de Bellevue.

Lyman, H. H Montreal .

M'acLeod, Miss E Quebec

Moore, G. A Montreal .

Newman, C. P Lachine Locks.

Norris, A. E Montreal.

Poston, Mrs. T . A Levis .

Reford, L Montreal .

Reich, Emil "

Robertson, Miss Quebec .

Seton, Mrs. W. W Levis .

Simmons, Mrs. J. H "

Southee, G. R Outremont.

Stevenson, C Montreal.

Tourchot, A. L St. Hyacinthe.

Turnbull, Lt. -Col. F Quebec .

Turner, Hon. Richard "

Turner, Mrs. R "

Wade, Miss New Liverpool.

Weir, Douglas Montreal.

Winfield, Mrs Quebec .

Winn, A. F Montreal .

Wood, Rev. Edmund "

[vii]

THE REPORT OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

Alberta.

Baird, Thos High River.

Dod, F. H. Wolley Millarville.

British Columbia.

Anderson, E. M Victoria.

Anderson, J. R ^^

Brvant, T Vancouver.

Bush, A. H _ ''

Oockle, J. W Kaslo.

Danby, W. H Rossland.

Dash wood-Jones W. A New West-

mineter .

Day G. O • Duncan's St'n.

Draper, R.. Vancouver.

English, T. M Cowichan St'n

Findlay, Rev. G. H Fort Steele.

Foster, F Vancouver.

Hanham, A. W Duncan's St n.

Harvey, R. V Vancouver.

Keen, Rev. J. H Metlakatla .

Livingston, C • • ■ -Duncan's St'n.

Marrion, A. H Vancouver .

Reed, E. Baynes Victoria.

Sherman, R. S • Vancouver .

Skinner, E. M Duncan's St'n .

Taylor, Rev. G. W .Wellington.

Towler, J Vancouver.

Venables, E. P Vernon.

Wilmot, E. S .•■•■• "

Wilson, T • • .Vancouver.

Manitoba.

Griddle, Norman Aweme .

Dennis, A. J Miniota.

Heath, E. F Cartwright.

Marmont, L. E Rounthwaite.

Nova Scotia.

Mackay, Dr. A. H Halifax .

Russell, John Digby .

Saskatchewan.

Croker, A. J Redvers .

Willing, T. N Regina.

Honorary Members.

Ashmead, Dr. W. H Washington,

D. C.
Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A. . . .Boulder, Colo.

CresBon, Ezra T Philadelphia,

Pa.

Edwards, William H Coalburgh,

W. Va.
Howard, Dr. L. O Washington,

D. C.
Scudder, Dr. S. H Cambridge,

MasB.

Smith, Prof. J. B New

Brunswick,

N. J.

Uhler, P. R Baltimore.

Md.
Webster, F. M Washington,

D. C.
Wickham, Prof. H. F. Iowa City,

Iowa.

Life Member.

Saunders, I)r. William Ottawa.

(Director of the Experi-
mental Farms of the
Dominion.

John D. Evans, C.E.
Pres^ident of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 1904-1906.

2* EN,

I v.]

Plate A.

1. Vein Gall of White Ash. Eriophyes .y). 4. Manitoba Maple Wart Gall. Erioplvirx s^p

2. Chokecherry Mite Gall. Erioplu/i'S xp . 5. Poison Ivy Mite Gall. Eriophyes sp.

3. Hawthorn Serpentine Gall. Eriophyes i<p . 6. Birch Bud-Gall. Eriophyes sp.

(See page 56.)

[vii.l

Plate B.

1. Sugar Maple Pink frost-gall. EriopJii/t's sj). 4.

2. Manitoba Majtle frost-gall. Eriophijes f-p. 5.

3. Rock Elm frost-gall. Erioplujes sp. (i.

Beech frost-gall . Eriophi/ei^ sj).
Elm mite gall. Eriophi/es iiltni .
Elm mite gall. Enlarged opening on
iin<ler surface.

[ viii. ]

Plate C.

1. Spiny Witch-Hazel Gall. {Hormaphis spbiosuK.)

2. Witch-Hazel'Cone Gall. ( Hormaphh hamarnelidis .)

3. Cottonwood Petiole Gall. {Pemphigus popidicaiilis.)

4. Hickory Cone Gall. (PJn/lh xera caryae-fallax.)

5 . Cockscomb Gall on Elm . ( ( olopha ulmicoln . )

6. Bass wood Mite Gall. {Eriophyes abnormis.)

[ix. ]

Plate D.

1. Furry Ball Gall on Oak. {Andricus lana.) 5.

2 . The Larger Oak- A pple. ( .1 mphibolips (■oriflue)ttis. )

3. Oak Midrib Gall. { AndricMS piger . ) 6.

4 . Mossy Rose Gall . ( Rhoilifes roxae. )

7 . Virginian Creeper Midrib Gall

Vein Gall on Oak . ( Cecidomijia quercus-

rnnjaUs. )
Vein Gall on Blue Beech. {Cecidom>jia
pudihwnda. )
( (.Widoiin/ia ^p. )

[ X. ]

Plate E.

1. Ball Gall on Hi(!kory. {DiploKis cari/ae.) 4.

2. Spiny Ball (jail on Wild Rose. ( Rhodites bicolor.) 5.

3. Ball Gall on Wood Nettle. [Cecidoinyiaurnic.ola.) 6.

Rose Stem Gall. {Rhoditef: gluhulus.)
Ash Gall. {Cecid(»in/ia pel lex .)
Eye Spot Gall of Maple. {Cecidumyia
(jcelhiki . )

[xi.

^*^

Plate F.

1. Soft Maple Mite Gall . {J'JriojjInjes <jnudripeH) .

2. Two specimens on left, Elliptical Goldenrod (iali. [Gelechia (^aUaesoUdaijinis.
3 Two specimens on right. { JVypeta nolidagiuis. )

[ iii. ]

Entomological Society of Ontario

1 906.

I

To the Honourable Nelson Monteitli, Minister of Agriculture:

Sir, — I have the honour to present herewith the Thirty-seventh Annual
Report of the Entomological Society of Ontario for the year 1906. It con-
tains the proceedings of the Forty-third Annual Meeting of the Society,
which was held at its new headquarters in the Ontario Agricultural College,
Guelph, and also papers on practical and descriptive entomology which have
been prepared for the information of farmers, fruitgrowers and gardeners

as well as others who are interested in the work of noxious and beneficial
insects.

The Canadian Entomologist, the monthly magazine published by the
Society, has been regularly issued during the year, and has now completed
its thirty-eighth annual volume. It continues to maintain its well-established
reputation for scientific entomology.

I have the honour to be. Sir,

Your obedient servant,

CHAELES J. S. BETHUNE,
Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph. Editor.

1 EN.

Entomological Society of Ontario.

OFFICERS FOR 1906-1907.

President — James Fletcher, LL.D., F.R.C.S., F.L.S., Entomologist and Botanist of

the Experimental Farms, Ottawa.

Vice-^President — Tennyson D. Jarvis, B.S.A., Lecturer in Entomology and Zoology,
Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph.

Secretary — E. J. Zavitz, B.S.A., Lecturer in Forestry, 0. A. College, Guelph.

Treasurer — S. B. McCready, B.A., Professor of Botany and Nature Study, 0. A. Col-
lege, and Macdonald Institute, Guelph.

Librarian — Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Professor of Entomology
and Zoology O. A. College, Guelph.

Curator— J. Eaton Howitt, B.S.A., Lecturer in Botany, 0. A. College, Guelph.

Directors — Division No. 1 — C. H. Yoxjng, Hurdman's Bridge.
Division No. 2 — O. E. Grant, Orillia.
Division No. 3 — J. B. Williams, Toronto.
Division No. 4 — C. W. Nash, Toronto.
Division No. 5 — George E. Fisher, Burlington.
Division No. 6 — J. A. Balk will, London.

Directors — (Ex-Presidents of the Society) — Professor Wm. Saunders, C.M.G., LL.D.,
F.R.S.C., F.L.S., Director of the Experimental Farms of the Dominion, Ottawa;
Rev. C. J. S. Bethune, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S.C., Guelph; Wi. Hague Harrington,
F.R.S.C., Ottawa; Professor JTohn Dearness, Vice-Principal Normal School, Lon-
don; Henry H. Lyman, M.A., F.E.S., F.R.G.S., Montreal; Rev. T. W. Fyles,
D.C.L., F.L.S., Levis, P.Q. ; Professor Wm. Lochhead, B.A., M.S., Macdonald
Ck>llege, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q. ; John D. Evans, C.E., General Manager
Central Ontario Railway, Trenton.

Auditors— B. Barlow, B.S-., and H. S. Peart, B.S.A., Ontario Agricultural Col-
lege, Guelph.

Editor of the "Canadian Entomologist"— Rev. Prof. Bethune, Guelph.

Editing Committee— Dr.. Fletcher, Ottawa; H. H. Lyman, Montreal; J. D. Evans,
Trenton ; Prof. Lochhead, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P.Q. ; G. E. Fishee, Burlington ;
J. B. Williams and C. W. Nash, Toronto.

Delegate to the Boyal Society— A. F. Winn, Montreal.

la EN. [2]

Entomological Society of Ontario.

ANNUAL MEETING.

The forty-third annual meeting of the Entomological Society of On-
tario was held in its new headquarters at the Ontario Agricultural College,
Guelph, on Wednesday and Thursday, October 10th and 11th, 1906 ; the
sessions were presided over by Vice-president Dr. James Fletcher, Dominion
Entomologist and Botanist, Ottawa. Among the members present were
Mr. John D. Evans, Trenton, the retiring President; Mr. Henry H. Lyman,
Montreal ; Mr. Arthur Gibson, Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa ; Mr.
C. H. Young, Hurdman's Bridge; Dr. Brodie and Messrs. C. W. Nash, J
B. Williams and Paul Hahn, Toronto; Mr. G. E. Fisher, Burlington; Mr.
J . Fred Smith, San Jose Scale Inspector for Ontario ; President Creelman,
Professors Hutt, McCready and Bethune, Messrs. Jarvis, Zavitz, Eastham,
Howitt, Barlow and Peart, of the Ontario Agricultural College and the Mac-
donald Institute. Letters expressing their regret at their inability to attend
were received from the Rev. Dr. Fyles, Levis, P. Q. ; Professor Lochhead,
Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, P. Q. ; Mr. A. McNeill, Chief
of the Fruit Division, Department of Agriculture, Ottawa; Messrs. J. A.
Balkwill, W. E. Saunders and John Law, London; Mr. W. D. Kearfott,
Montclair, N. J.

Owing to the lateness of the train from the east, there was only time
for a brief meeting of the Council on the morning of the 10th, at which some
necessary business was transacted.

In the afternoon of Wednesday, October 10th, the Society met at 2.30
o'clock ; owing to the large attendance, over a hundred being present, the
meeting was held in the spacious Massey Hall. The proceedings began with
a discussion on the Codling-worm.

THE CODLING- WORM DISCUSSION.

Dr. Fletcher, the chairman, opened the debate by giving an outline
of the life-history of the insect, the extent of its ravages and the ordinary
methods of dealing with it. The following is a condensed summary of his
remarks :

The Codling Moth is probably one of the most injurious insects that
we have to deal with in Canada in fruit work. The remedies are all well-
known, and are all sufficient, if a proper amount of care is taken by fruit
growers. However, it is neglected by many, and I think the present state
of the apple crop of this year is very largely due to fruit growers and farmers
generally not having paid attention to the regular remedies which they ought
to have made use of and not keeping their orchards clean and free from the
codling moth as well as they might have done. A great deal of work and
care are requisite, and as its habits vary somewhat in different parts of

[3]

REPORT OF No. 19

Canada, it is necessary to know its life history. In my own observations I
have foun'd that east of Toronto, or about Toronto, there is practically only
one brood in the year, while west of Toronto there are two. This means that
in Western Ontario the fruit grower has a different and harder task before
him. In Eastern Ontario, having only one brood to deal with, it can be
practically controlled by the spring spraying, which everybody seems to
have energy enough to carry out. West of Toronto, it seems necessary to
supplement the work of spraying by banding the trees with burlap, or other
material, giving the caterpillars a shelter in which to spin their cocoons, and
then destroying them before the moths emerge. Where spraying and ban-
daging the trees are faithfully carried out, the Codling-moth is very materi-
ally reduced in numbers. But notwithstanding all that is done, the apples
going to market every year are to a large extent damaged by this insect,
and the unsightly appearance of the apple with injury on the side or at the
calyx end reduces its selling value. We thought, therefore, that it would
be advisable to have a discussion this afternoon upon this important insect
pest, as in every conference of this kind some fresh points of value are sure
to be brought out. It is no exaggeration to say that at least one-quarter of
the loss sustained by fruit-growers every year is caused by the Codling-worm,
and therefore it is a matter of great financial importance that we should learn
the best and most effective methods of dealing with this pest.

Dr. Fletcher then described the proper methods of spraying fruit trees
and applying bandages, and stated that, if fruit-growers would faithfully
adopt this cheap means of dealing with the insect, they would save a very
large amount of their income derived from orchards.

He next referred to the parasites which, in many instances, effectually
keep down the insect enemies of crops. It often happens that a particular
insect is extremely abundant one year while the next year few are to be
found. This reduction in numbers is largely due to the work of parasites.
Dr. Brodie, of Toronto, has for many years made a special study of the Cod-
ling-moth and of the parasites which affect it and a number of other injur-
inous insects. He will tell us this afternoon what he has done in this direc-
tion and the results of his investigations. The introduction of a new
parasite from some other part of the world is a very difficult matter and
requires long continued efforts in order to secure satisfactory results. The
introduction of the Vedalia cardinalis into California to destroy the Cottony-
cushion scale is probably the only marked instance of successful work of this
kind which has ever been brought about. It is hoped that the efforts now
being made to establish a parasite of the Codling-worm in California will
be successful ; there are great difficulties to be overcome, and it will be some
time before the parasite will become sufficiently numerous to control this
enemy of the fruit. The study of parasites covers a field of very excellent
and useful work, but up to the present time there have not been many prac-
tical results.

Dr. Brodie, before reading his paper, stated that he was a firm believer
in the good results to be obtained through parasites. Dr. Bethune was the
first person in North America to advocate the introduction of parasites to
keep in check the imported insects that ravaged our wheat fields. His own
recollections went back to sixty years ago when the Codling-woi^m was utterly
unknown in Ontario; apple trees were then very large and productive. It
was not till somewhere about 1858-1860 that it made its appearance. During
the last ten years he had been pursuing rather carefully the study of this
insect, taking m the larvae, breeding them through the winter and discov-
ering to what extent they were attacked by parasites. He found it a very

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

difficult matter to procure a sufficient quantity of material for study, that
is, of the larvae and pupae, during the different seasons of the year, and had
never been able to get a satisfactory supply. Dr. Fletcher has told us that
if the remedies prescribed, which are well known, were fully carried out,
the insect would be kept well under control ; he entirely agreed that these
methods are the most rational and successful for combatting the ravages of
the insect. Prevention by parasites has long been discussed and surprise
has been expressed that their influence for good has been practically nothing.
This failure, he believed, was largely due to the counter influence of second-
ary parasites which have an extended geographical range. He then read
the following paper :

I

PARASITISM OF CARPOCAPSA POMONELLA.

By Dr. W. Brodie, Toronto.

The all important problems of parasitism, as means for checking the in-
crease of plant eating insects, have for more than half a century been much
in entomological literature, and it seems that parasitism is recognized every-
where as the great power arranged by nature to check the rapid increase
of plant eating species.

The parasitism of the Codling-moth has not been overlooked. Several
species of primary parasites have been detected and identified, and surprise is
ofcen expressed that their influence for good is so little, we may say inap-
preciable. Now there may be several reasons for this ; it may be the primary
parasites we know are not the species arranged by nature to check the over
increase of the Codling-moth. But one special reason I have detected is the
presence of a secondary parasite, namely, Dibrachys honcheanus . This in-
sect has a wide geographical range in Asia, Europe and North America,
and although one of the smallest insects, exercises an immense influence
in the world of insect life as a checking and balancing-up power. So far as
known to us, it is without doubt an injurious insect, as most secondary
parasites are.

On Aug. 28, 1905, I received from Mr. W. A. Peer, Freeman P. 0.,
a small box containing 18 C. pomonella larvae and pupae. On Aug. 29,
there emerged 2 moths, 1 primary parasite, PimpJa pteralis, and 12 second-
ary parasites, Dihrachys honcheanus. Sept. 20, 1905, a package from Stay-
ner gave from June 2-10, 1906, 17 moths and one primary parasite, a Pim-
pla. Sept. 25, 1905, a package from Prescott, gave in June, 1906, 4 moths
and 2 primary parasites, 1 Pimpla, 1 Ephialtes. I may say that I am in-
debted for iaentifications to Dr. Ashmead, of Washington, acknowledged
to be the highest authority on parasitic Hymenoptera in the world.

During the many years in which I have been engaged in working out
some of the problems of parasitism, I have found the primary parasitism of
the Codling-moth to be about 0.5 per cent. No doubt it would be much
greater were it not for the presence of the secondary parasites. In a further
pursuance of the many interesting, practical and important problems pre-
sented, such as the life histories and relations of the primary and secondary
parasites known to infest the larvae and pupae of the Codling-moth, and the
relationships of these to allied species, preying abundantly on numerous
species of Tortricidae, more or less common in open woods and thickets

REPORT OF No. 19

everywhere througliout the Province, a careful comparison of the hosts and
habits of our native species with closely related foreign ones would be of very
great value. This might result in the importation of species more potent
for good than our native ones.

In order to arrive at a satisfactory solution of the many problems in-
volved in the investigation of this subject, an ample supply of material,
larvae and pupae of the Codling-moth, must be at hand at all seasons, col-
lected in many localities throughout the Province.

Surely the magnitude of the interests involved, and the rational claims
of the indicated scientific method are such as to justify a sufficient effort
by entomologists and fruit growers in determining the efficacy of parasitism
in effectually overcoming the Codling-moth pest.

Dr. Brodie went on to say that the parasites he referred to are well-
known, having a wide range over the United States and Canada. He had
obtained them from the north, east and west of Ontario. The secondary para-
site is exceedingly small, less than one-sixteenth of an inch, and on looking
back he thought that his precautions were not sufficient, and that these
minute creatures may have escaped detection. In pursuing an investigation
of this kind, it is necessary for the worker to carefully fix his jars or bottles
in such a way that these very small insects may not escape, but be retained
for observation. The jars used should be small, but yet large enough for
the atmosphere not to be too moist; they may be covered with cheese-cloth
or some other thin material. This is a very important subject and should
form an attractive field for work, affecting as it does our largest fruit in-
dustry.

Prof. Hutt said that he had travelled over a considerable portion of
the Province this summer and found the Codling-worm exceptionally bad,
especially in the Niagara district and the eastern part of Ontario. In some
orchards half the crop was destroyed. It was now making its appearance
in Algoma, and had this summer made some headway on St. Joseph's Island.
It needs careful watching in order to keep it in check, as it is covering all .
sections where apples are grown. If parasites are of use in reducing the
numbers of the pest, they are not increasing fast enough to control it to any
extent. Something more than parasites is required, and that is the em-
ployment of the established remedies by the fruit-growers themselves.

Mr. C. W. Nash said that the question of dealing with the Codling-
worm was one of the greatest possible importance. As matters now stand,
we are simply covering the ground with trees that to a great extent give us
little in return. The remedies spoken of by Dr. Fletcher are certainly very
easy of application and always show good practical results, provided that
these remedies are applied thoroughly and at the proper time. The great
difficulty that we find in dealing with the farmer is that he either does not
believe in the practicability of these remedies, or he does not apply them
just when he should. In the first place, with regard to spraying, as referred
to by Dr. Fletcher, some men will spray their trees just when they happen to
have the time to do so, without regard to the state of the fruit, or the tree,
or the stage of the insect. In many cases where spraying is done at the wrong
time, it is just money thrown away. If spraying is to be efficacious at all,
it must be done before the larva has entered the apple. To catch them
just at that particiilar time requires observation and the exercise of some
little judgment. The codling moth deposits its eggs near or upon the little
apple as it is first formed, about the time the petals drop from the blossoms.
Those who have observed apples will have noticed that the little embryo
apple stands erect upon the stem with the calyx expanded. A few days after

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

the petals have fallen, the stem curls over, the apple hangs down, and the
calyx closes. If you spray after this has taken place, you are simply throwing
away material, as there is no chance of its getting into that little calyx cup.
To do your spraying, then, so that it should be efficacious, you should spray
as soon as the petals fall, while the apple is erect. You then have a chance,
a good chance, but even then nothing more than a good chance, of getting
a small portion into the calyx cup. If you do, when the larva goes into
the calyx cup and makes its first meal with the intention of entering the
apple, it is very likely to be its last. Very little poison will be necessary
at that time. The insect is remarkably weak and small. You cannot, how-
ever, hope to get a little poison into every apple on the tree, some will be
missed and escape. But that is the point you must bear in mind, to spray
at the proper time. Having done that and reduced very largely the number
of larvae that are in your apples, you should supplement that treatment
by afterwards bandaging the trees. If you do that, the probability is that
it will not be a very great tax upon the product. A farmer in my neighbor-
hood has a large orchard of old trees. He sprayed at the proper time, and
be thought by so doing he had done everything that was necessary, and
others had told him the same. I told him to bandage his trees as well, that
it is much better to be safe than sorry, but he ridiculed the idea. So I took
an old bag and did it myself, and eight days afterwards I went back. We
took that bag off and there were seventy-two cocoons beneath the bag. These
are the two remedies that are certain.

Another point to consider, and this is one that I think you should take
into your deepest consideration, and that the government should enforce.
It is that every man who has apple trees should be compelled to take pre-
cautions against the Codling-worm. A man who has large interests at stake
will undoubtedly make some effort to protect his property, but the man
on the small village lot with a few straggling trees — what does he care?
The result is that these few scattered trees_ here and there enable cocoons
to mature in a sufficiently large proportion to provide codling-moths for the
whole Province. It has come to this, that unless a man will take care of
his trees he should not be allowed to have them. I have tried myself for
very many years to find out if there is any parasite affecting the codling-
moth likely to be of any service. I have consistently failed to do anything
of the kind. It was very rarely that I ever found a parasite. It may be
that in some sections and in some seasons they are abundant. The parasites
will have to be more abundant to show their effects, but so far as the codling-
moths are concerned, I think you will have to look to your own efforts to
reduce them. The very nature of the moth makes it almost exempt from any
attack by insect parasites. It is practically exempt from any injury by out-
side enemies. In the pupa stage it is destroyed by birds. If we had more
trunk-cleaning birds the orchards would have fewer codling-moths. You
should take into consideration some means of compelling persons who main-
tain apple trees to look after them, or else see that they are prevented from
keeping them.

Dr. Fletcher said that the experience in this country of trying to con-
trol people by legislation proved that such efforts were almost entirely use-
less. Now, the question of whether it is worth w^hile to spray or not is one,
I think, I need not discuss. All evidence and statistics show that it does
pay to spray, and instead of losing 75 per cent, of the crop you can save
it, as an average. At most the cost of spraying trees the number of times
that it is necessary is less than 25 cents for large trees, and the number of
bushels you will get off them will more "than pay that expenditure many

REPORT OF No. 19

times over. Tlie present year, witli a short crop in many sections, shows
that the benefits to those that have sprayed will be enormous, and these are
just the years when the work is most effective. The crop is small, it requires
less expenditure for handling and shipping, and more than that, the sample
is finer. When orchards are properly sprayed one inspection is sufficient
to, at any rate, gain the sympathy of any fruit grower with spraying. He
will spray every year after that. As to the advantage of spraying an orchard
regularly, the benefits are very marked. At Ottawa, the horticulturist at
the Experimental Farm now knows that he cannot afford not to spray. He
has learned iiow to spray effectively, and the advantages are shown by the
fact that for the past eight or ten years the codling-moth is almost unknown
in these orchards, and I can get no specimens there. How far do you think
I have to go to get specimens of the codling-moth? Just beyond a sixty-foot
row of trees. I canot find any codling-moths in our own orchards on the
Farm, but need only go to these trees outside to get all I want. That shows
the local benefit to the man who sprays, and it shows that although the cod-
ling-moth flies, it does not fly to such long distances as to impair the benefit
to the man who sprays ; while he who does not spray must pay the price
that his loss entails.

In addition to the benefits from the remedies already referred to, it
is most advisable to exercise the greatest care in examining and cleaning out
any barrels or cases used for packing fruit which are brought in from out-
side sources and which may have contained infected fruit, as these may con-
tain cocoons of the codling-moth. He had now at Ottawa cocoons of this in-
sect with larvae still unchanged which were spun in July, 1905. A very
few moths emerged in August, 1905, many in June, 1906, and some would
not emerge till the spring of 1907. This, he thought, was a new fact in the
life-history of the insect.

Mr. G. E. Fisher: In regard to treating any troublesome insect, I
always find it worth while to look for a remedy. With the farmers there
seems to be a difficulty about spraying. As a rule, fruit-growers do not like
to spray, and a great many do not spray, and the reason is because they have
never done it. Now, I am a little surprised that in all this discussion regard-
ing the codling-worm no reference has been made to the hog remedy. In a
large orcnard that I am familiar with, there are 2,000 apple trees in bearing,
and there are any amount of moths. As a rule, an apple tree can well spare
some of its fruit. The trees are better without it. Those apples that are
attacked will fall to the ground, then we want about fifty hogs in an orchard
of ten or twenty acres to follow up these apples and pick and eat them, and
so destroy the worms. Dr. Fletcher has already explained the second brood
that does the damage in this country. The first is a benefit by reducing
the superabundance of fruit. If we can follow up those apples that fall,
we have a remedy that is very easy to apply, will work out very satisfactorily
indeed. A great many people seem to think that apples are of no advantage
to hogs. I knew a man a few years ago, and he had a lot of apples and hogs.
I told him to turn his hogs into his orchard, and he stated that he thought
they would get too thin if he let them run, but finally he put them in,
and the first thing he knew his hogs were too heavy to sell. They were be-
yond the limit. He has said ever since that there is an advantage in apples
in connection with hog-feeding. I have found the hog remedy a very use-
ful one, and perhaps you would scarcely think it, .a hog has a very acute
hearing, and if the ground is at all hard (we cultivate in the early part of
the season), I have seen a hog's ears stand up when an apple fell and he
would listen a moment and then go and find that apple, perhaps a hundred

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

yards away. Another thing- in connection with hogs, they are pretty good
scavengers. I have noticed hogs follow a caterpillar along the ground, and
wait until he had caught up and then eat it. They clean up the insects
very nicely.

Dr. Fletcher: You mean pigs, not old hogs, do you not?

Mr. Fisher : I mean growing pigs.

Dr. Fletcher: Did you find that the pigs rooted too much?

Mr. Fisher : No difficulty in that way. On different occasions the
orchard was sown with peas and before the peas were ripe the apples were
falling. The pigs not only ate the peas and apples, but plowed the ground
as well.

Mr. T. D. Jarvis exhibited some apples that were affected by the cod-
ling-worm, and spoke first of the good work performed by woodpeckers in
puncturing the bark and extracting the larvae from their winter quarter*.
He then gave an outline of the life-history of the insect at Guelph, stating
that about fifteen per cent, of the first brood of worms pupate in the sum-
mer, and the moths that come from them produce a second brood. The
remainder pass over to the next year. There is thus at Guelph a very
limited second brood.

Dr. Fletcher said that this percentage is very interesting as showing
that there is a small supplementary brood of fifteen per cent, at Guelph. The
locality is thus included in the western part of the Province where double-
brooding to some extent exists. At Ottawa the proportion of early maturing
moths is between two and five per cent., varying in different years. These
moths lay eggs and a few larvae come from them. In the country west of
Toronto — at Erindale on the Credit for instance — there are two regular
broods, and very few of the first brood pass through the winter as cater-
pillars, xuese variations in different parts of the country are points which
the Entomologist has to be on the watch for. He was much interested in
Mr. Jarvis's account of the value that he placed upon the work of wood-
peckers.

Mr. Peart said : I have not been in the east, but in the western part
of the Province, along the Detroit River, and going through the Niagara
District, and also at Oakville, the Codling-worm was worse this year than
I have ever before seen it. No particular pains had been taken with spray-
ing as a rule, but in those sections where spraying was done at all carefully
and at the right time, there have been marked results. It was owing to the
scarcity of labor that spraying was not done. It is a very good object lesson
to notice the effect in the district where spraying was practised, and compare
it with those where it was neglected.

Mr. Zavitz said that apple-growers in County of Durham had made
enquiries regarding an insect that attacked the calyx end of the apple, but
did not penetrate into the fruit. He wished to know whether there was any
other insect that did this, or was it the codling-worm?

Dr. Fletcher replied that there are two other insects that attack the
apple — the Plum-moth Semasia prunivora, Walsh, called also the Lesser
Apple-worm m British Columbia, and a small caterpillar in the Province
of Quebec. The latter bores under the skin and works near the surface,
destroying the value of the apple for packing and shipment.

Mr. Jarvis suggested that the insect referred to by Mr. Zavitz might
be the second brood of the Codling-moth, but Mr. Zavitz thought not, as it
simply worked around the head of the apple.

Mr. Fisher : In regard to the right time to spray for Codling-moths,
Mr. Nash said that the bee people were very anxious that the prohibition

10 REPORT OF No. 19

should include tlie entire period of bloom. But the Government would not
allow that, and the Act read "during the period of full bloom." It has
been my experience that you cannot get after the codling-moth any too
early, and it is desirable to spray before the blooming is entirely completed.
We think this is correct.

Dr. Fletcher : I do not personally ; have you seen the moth or eggs
before the blossoms have fallen?

Mr. Fisher : Yes, I think so.

Dr. Fletcher : At Ottawa the moth does not appear for 8 or 10 days
after the blossoms have disappeared. In Nova Scotia I have found fresh
eggs on apples as large as marbles.

Mr. Fisher : We find better results from spraying before the bloom
is entirely completed.

Dr. Fletcher: But you have not found the' moth or eggs?

Mr. Fisher : I think so.

Dr. Fletcher : That is an important point.

Mr. Fisher : I have hot been doing any packing of fruit, but those
who do pack fruit say that our pears have no codling-moth this year, while
apples are badly affected. Pears have escaped the attack. Is this the gen-
eral experience?

Mr. Jarvis : At Guelph we made examinations and found plenty of
the codling moths in the pear, but did not notice whether it was less abun-
dant than usual.

Mr. Fisher : Our pears are usually pretty wormy, and it is very dis-
appointing to have to throw out a nice large pear for the sake of a small
hole. In previous years we have lost quite a large qi'antity,

Mr. Jarvis asked what varieties of pears are most abundant this year?
Is the Flemish Beauty free from worms?

Mr. Fisher replied that there is a good pear crop this year, and that
he believed the Flemish Beauty to be free. It might be of interest to mention
that some Clapp's Favorite pears were shipped from Burlington to Glasgow
this year successfully; they went through safely and sold at a high price.

Dr. Brodie : I should like to say that very few people have ever seen
the eggs of the codling-moth. I have been fortunate enough to see them.
The process is this, the egg was laid at the lower part of the apple ; it is
very small, of course. In about an hour after hatching the larva had moved
to the upper part of the apple and commenced making holes. I think it has
been mentioned that the larvae eat the skin of the apple. This is a mistake ;
larvae bite a hole in the skin, but do not eat the portions bitten out; they
are laid aside and very little is swallowed. In about a day they are buried
in the fruit and they immediately turn around (my own experience) and
close up the opening with silk. Six species of parasites have been described
in North America. These parasites thrust their ovipositors into the larvae
through the opening made by the worm. We all know that there is about
two or three days' difference in the emergence of the larvae from the egg.
A large number, say 10 or 20 per cent, perhaps, will come out in the begin-
ning and another proportion at the end of the week. If you wished to follow
it up, you would have to be spraying continually. The larvae do not emerge
all on the same day, perhaps not in the same week. Larvae that have come
out of the same brood will be apt to emerge at different times.

Dr. Fletcher : The time of egg-laying and hatching is a very impor-
tant point. The old accounts state very positively that the egg was laid
in the calyx of the apple, and that in spraying you had to get your Paris
Green into that cup. Later observations by Professor Washburn, in Oregon,

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 11

show that the eg-gs are laid on any part of the apple, and Mr. Simpson found
as many on the leaves as on the fruit. The main benefit from spraying is
not so much that you get the spray into that cup, because the caterpillars
begin life both on the leaves and fruit. They crawl about a little and then
penetrate the fruit. I have seen them when they first get into the cup of
the apple ; they have there a place to get a purchase to make the first hole, and
they are able by pressure upon the opposite side to penetrate the skin. The
egg is exceedingly minute and like a little fish's scale, perfectly flat and sil-
very. It does not stand up as a prominence on the side. To see it you must
take the apple, hold it sidewise, and look against the light and it will shine
as a fish's scale. The young caterpillar hatches from that and crawls about
on the apple. It is, of course, a very small insect and requires attention and
time to see it. Most crawl towards the calyx end. With the second brood,
the injury is often where two apples come together. At Ottawa we have come
to the conclusion that with us the proper time to spray, if only one application
is made, is not only not during the time of bloom, but not until even a week
after the blossoms fall. The eggs are laid upon the young fruit. Nearly
all apples when they are in the flowering stage are covered with a thick down,
and the egg of the moth cannot be affixed to the side at that time. This is
simply a matter of observation. The laying of the eggs certainly continues
for over a week after the apple has formed. We never found an occasion
where it was necessary to spray trees for the codling-moth during the time
they were in bloom.

Mr. Crow^ inquired whether there is any satisfactory way of killing the
second brood.

Dr. Fletcher replied that bandaging the trees is the most effective
method. By that means many caterpillars can be caught and destroyed.
Spraying has some effect, but not so much as in the case of the first brood,
because the foliage is so much thicker, rendering the work more difficult.

Mr. Jarvis said that he had conducted experiments with bandages,
and on one occasion found about 300 worms under a single bandage in two
weeks' time. He began about the middle of July. The number of worms
under a bandage varied very much.

Dr. Fletcher considered this too late for beginning and recommended
the early part of the month for commencing to bandage. It was no doubt
the most effective method of preventing injury from the second brood.

Mr. Caesar said that he had been this summer with Mr. Tweddle, who
has an orchard of about 70 acres ; and he was going to ask the same question
as Mr. Crow. What time is it necessary to begin spraying to get the best
results in preventing the second brood of the insects? They sprayed this
orchard about three times in the early part of the season, and then did not
spray again until about the 20th of August. He noticed in looking over
the apples (Northern Spy) that they would probably have about thirty-three
per cent., or more, of them affected by the moth. He wondered whether if
they had been two weeks earlier this loss might have been prevented. As
for bandaging, with an orchard so large it was almost impossible for them
to do it. He thought they would do better to give the time to spraying.
He wished to know what is the estimated cost of bandaging.

Dr. Fletcher : The question is a matter of expenditure and returns.
If it pays, it does not matter if you pay |1,000 to bandage if you make
12,000 out of it. For the returns that you get from it, bandaging certainly
pays, and it must not be forgotten that the very word spraying was un-
known twenty years ago. Mr. Fisher will remember the first old Robertson
pump, made at Grimsby. Now thousands of pumps are sold every year.

12 REPORT OF No. 19

and more people buy them every year. Mr. Tweddle would have made it
pay if he had bandaged his trees. The most important question was whether
he could get the actual labor necessary. It certainly will pay if you de-
stroy the carerpillars, for they destroy the fruit.

Mr. Jarvis : Was the orchard sprayed the previous year?

Mr. Caesar : It was sprayed during the past three or four years. There
are twenty-five acres in the orchard. It was little pruned and had been
overrun with the canker worm. |3,000 was made out of the orchard, so he
thought it paid to spray. As to pears, he saw very few of his pears affected
by the codling-moth.

Dr. Fletcher : The question of the exemption of pears this year is
very interesting, and I can only suggest that it has something to do with
the season. The effect of the seasons on insects is sometimes very much more
apparent than on plants.

Mr. Jarvis : What was Mr. Tweddle's experience in bandaging? Why
has he given it up? Did he use burlap?

Mr. Caesar : The real reason was the difficulty in getting labor. Mr.
Tweddle spoke to me and said he would like to bandage a number of his
trees. We prepared a quantity of bandages of simply coarse sack material,
with the intention of putting them on his trees ; but we could not get men
enough to go around the orchards, and the owner believed that he had been
so successful in spraying in previous years that he could do without the
bandaging.

Mr. Jarvis : If there were 300 worms under one bandage in two weeks'
time, it should pay to bandage. I found here at the College that bandaging
was of very great benefit.

Dr. Fletcher : We have come to the conclusion that spraying is a
good practice because we get clean orchards. But where there is a second
brood, that must be supplemented by bandaging the trees. Mr. Fisher's
experience that pigs and sheep, particularly pigs, destroy the infested apples
and thus do a great deal of good in orchards is important. The
time to spray will vary in different localities, and it will also vary
with the different varieties of apples, as different varieties flower at
different times. Mr. Fisher's experience is that it should be done as soon
after the time of full bloom as possible. I find no advantage in that, and
there is certainly a great disadvantage in spraying during bloom to those
who keep bees, for direct experiments have shown that bees have been pois-
oned by sucking nectar from the flowers or drinking liquid from trees that
were sprayed. Therefore, I for one think that the Ontario law is very well
framed as it is, and that it should be made a misdemeanor to spray trees
while in blossom ; because bees are now an important part of the agriculture
of Canada and particularly they are very useful to the fruit-growers in ef-
fecting the fertilization of blossoms. The time when to spray is after the
blossoms have fallen, and then it must be done well. Cover the whole tree
with spray and use a proper nozzle ; the nozzle is as important as the material
and the pump. To get a very fine spray it is desirable to find out the very
best implement. We have in Canada an excellent pump, the Spramotor,
with the movable discs, invented by Mr. Fisher, which is the best form of
spray nozzle I have ever used. It enables one to use a very small quantity
of liquid, for what is required in spraying is to have the liquid so fine that
it falls on the trees as a mist or as a fine spray, and as soon as the spray
begins to drip it is time to remove nozzle to another part in order to save
material and injury to the trees. Arsenate of lead is highly recommended
and its advantaores are that it is in a finer state of division than Paris Green,

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. ' 13

but the application must be three times as strong as Paris Green to get the
same results; it also remains longer on the foliage because it does not wash
off so easily. Being finer, it will remain in suspension better, and therefore
arsenate of lead is, except for the matter of color, rather better than Paris
Green. The danger is that in color it resembles other substances in domestic
use, and therefore he did not like to recommend it for general use. It is
very effective, and the mixture, if of proper strength, is safe in the hands
of careful men, but it must be used carefully. It has been placed on the
market in a convenient form under the names of Bowker's Disparene and
Swift's Arsenate of Lead. It is a very powerful poison and very effective,
but on account of the danger I have referred to, I do not recommend it ex-
cept with the above named provisoes.

Dr. Bethune : I have employed the bandaging system a little and found
it very effective indeed in catching the insects. The one great difl&culty
about bandaging is that it must be properly attended to. If you do not
look after the bandages regularly, and at suflBciently short intervals, you are
simply providing a most convenient place for the worm to conceal itself in
and to change to the chrysalis stage. If the bandages are taken off at least
every ten days and the larvae and chrysalids removed from the tree, it is a
most effective and useful remedy, and is probably the only really good^
remedy — at we have against the second brood of the codling-worm, with
the exception of Mr. Fisher's plan of allowing sheep or pigs to devour the
fallen fruit. Where a man has only a few fruit trees, he certainly ought
to do that work himself and gather all that falls and destroy it. It is no
use to gather a week after it has fallen. The drawback is that of labor and
expense. I find that to examine properly a single bandage it takes at least
ten minutes, because the larvae hide themselves under bits of loose bark and
conceal themselves very thoroughly, and it requires a very good eye to find
where the creatures are, so that it all takes time and care. No doubt that
labor might be saved to some extent V* having some convenient form of
scraper which would scrape them off and save this troublesome work. You
will, however, find under the bandages a considerable number of the worms
they have not had time to conceal themselves, and these you can easily get
rid of.

The question of parasites was brought before the Minister of Agricul-
ture for Ontario in consequence of a paragraph in some of the newspapers
in which he was credited with having discovered, or having available, a para-
site to wipe out the codling-worm. He wrote to me on the subject and asked
for information, as he was credited with a great deal more responsibility
than he has any desire to have placed upon his shoulders. I told him that
it was hardly possible to hope for an effective parasite, because the creature
during the greater part of its life was inside the fruit and out of the reach
of parasites. The only time for the parasite to attack the insect is during
the very short period between the emergence from the egg and the time it
is buried away inside the fruit, and then again it might be attacked after
it has left the fruit and is proceeding to crawl to some convenient place
before changing into a chrysalis. However, at his suggestion, I have been
making inquiries both in California and at Washington and expect very soon
to have some fuller information.

One other point which has been referred to I should like to emphasize,
and that is the usefulness of birds in destroying these insects. A very large
number of the larvae are destroyed in the winter time by woodpeckers,
creepers and nuthatches. These birds ought to be encouraged in every way.
Good work is also done by the chickadees and other birds. The

14 * REPORT OF No. 19

chickadees may be kept around an orcliard or garden by helping them
out with a little food during the winter. A good plan is to hang some suet
in the trees.

The remedies then for the codling-worm are, first, spraying to get rid
of the first brood, which can be exterminated, or nearly so. Spraying at the
proper time and in the proper manner, as has been described this afternoon,
should be resorted to, and also the removal of all fallen fruit. For the
second brood, there is the bandaging. Then, after that come the woodpeckers
and other birds. We cannot trust much to parasites, but we may be quite
sure that our enterprising Minister of Agriculture will use every effort to
bring the parasites, if they are found to be effective, into this country and
make use of thqm here.

Dr. Fletcher said that parasites are not useless by any means. There
are internal parasites as well as external parasites, and some of these para-
sites would be able to reach the worm in the apple. The larvae of the large
Pigeon Tremex, which bores deep in the solid wood of maples, is parasitized
by the two large Thalessas. There are several parasites which are also able
to find out their hosts in the wood of trees. We do not know everything
yet about parasites, but we must not say that they will not do this work.
There are several parasites of the Codling-worm, as Dr. Brodie has told us,
and when we find parasites in large numbers we may expect to obtain some
results. To give an instance — one of the striking outbreaks at Ottawa was
an aphis on birch trees, which was so abundant that the whole of the tree
was covered with a black fungus, growing on the honey dew exuded by the
aphis. The insect was abundant in June and July. Then we found that
all over these trees affected by the plant aphis there were myriads of lady-
bird beetles, and these beetles were so numerous that they wiped out the
whole lot of aphis. We found ten to twenty of their pupke on a single
birch leaf. What became of all those lady-bird beetles? Perhaps from a
branch holding, say 50 leaves, we did not get 50 lady-bird beetles, but got
a great many thousands of another parasite, forty to fifty of a little hjpo-
parasite from a single pupa. Thus nature brings back again the balance
by reducing the excessive number of beetles. Where one pupa produced a
beetle, forty-nine never produced beetles but produced parasites. We do not
know yet what can be effected by a Codling-worm parasite, but we must not
give it up as hopeless. , It is most hopeful. As Dr. Bethune showed us,
though, we must not be too sanguine. With regard to the worms that burrow
in the bark beneath the bandages, I find a brush with wire for bristles a
convenient instrument for removing them. One was supplied with my fur-
nace and I have made use of it to scrape off the. worms on apple trees. Time
can be saved with a proper implement, and a wire brush of this kind is
good. The codling-worm does not change to a pupa inside its cocoon at
once, but remains as a larva until just before it is going to emerge.

Mr. Scott : How do you kill the cocoons in the burlap bandages them-
selves ?

Dr. Fletcher : It is rather a troublesome matter. One man who ban-
dages his trees has at the side of his orchard an India rubber wringing
machine and runs them through that, or they may be thrown into scalding
water. The burlaps are all taken off into a wheelbarrow and dropped into
large open caldron used for sugarmaking ; they are taken out at once and
put back again. These are the only two methods known to me.

Mr. Nash : I saw a man screw the wringer on the side of the wheel-
barrow, and go through the orchard with it.

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 15

Dr. Fletcher : Hot water is probably tbe most effective method of
killing tbe worms.

Mr. Jarvis : Those left on the bandage and pressed, if very numerous,
might spoil the bandage.

The hour for closing the discussion on the Codling-worm having arrived,
the Chairman thanked those who had taken part in the discussion and called
for the reports of the Directors of the respective districts.

EEPOETS ON INSECTS OF THE YEAE.
Division No. 1. — Ottawa District. By C. H. Young, Hurdman's Bridge.

The season of 1906 in the Ottawa District was marked by cold, wet
weather in the early part and later by an excessive drought. The most
noticeable insect feature of the season was the enormous numbers of plant
lice which infested every plant. Trees were much reduced in vitality and
many complaints were made of the leaves falling prematurely. In going
through the woods in July it was almost impossible to collect a good botan-
ical s.pecimen, as the foliage of all low-growing plants was covered conspicu-
ously with the honey-dew emitted by the aphides. The elm-leaf aphis and
the maple leaf cottony aphis were particularly abundant. The foliage of
many fine maples was noticeably disfigured by this latter insect. Birches
also suffered very much from aphis. Some fields of potatoes were badly in-
fested with a plant louse which Dr. Fletcher- tells me he thinks is Nectaro-
phora solanifolia.

In the early part of the season the usual occurrence of cutworms in
gardens was noticed, the species doing the most harm being the Eed-backed
cutworm (Paragrotis ochrogaster) and the Black army-worm Noctua feniiica.
This latter cutworm works particularly in clover fields, but in the Ottawa
district clover was winter killed during the open cold winter of 1905-6, and
this fact probably accounts for their presence in vegetable gardens this year.
Where applied, the poisoned bran mash soon stopped the ravages of these
cutworms.

At the time dahlias and asters were coming nicely into flower, the Tarn-
ished Plant-bug was very numerous and did a great deal of damage in de-
stroying the flowers and forming buds. This is a difiicult pest to treat.
Spraying the plants with kerosene emlusion or whale oil soap or dusting them
with pyrethrum insect powder, have given relief, but these remedies are not
always satisfactory. In the early morning, when the bugs are not so active,
many may be collected by beating them off the plants into an inverted um-
brella, and then killing them by putting them into some receptacle contain-
ing water and coal oil.

The small white cabbage butterfly was not particularly in evidence in
the early part of the season, but the late brood in September was very abund-
ant and hundreds of the butterflies could be observed in some cabbage patches.
Where these patches were neglected the green caterpillars soon did notice-
able damage.

The Turnip Flea beetle was locally very destructive on a few farms near
Ottawa. Some farmers who did not know the well-known remedy of Paris
green and land plaster lost two or three sowings.

16

REPORT OF

No. 19

In asparagus beds, where the plants had been allowed to go to seed, many
specimens of the Zebra caterpillar (Fig. 1) were noticed in September and
early in October feeding on the leaves. This of course was due to the fine,
almost summer weather which we have had this fall in Ottawa.

Among orchard insects the caterpillars of the Codling- moth were abun-
dant in orchards which were not sprayed, and later in the season the con-
spicuous nests of the Fall-Web worm were noticed in many orchards. This
latter insect was also very bad in forests, ash, elm and other trees being much
defoliated. In orchards these insects are not only destructive, but make the
trees very unsightly. The remedy of cutting off the branches bearing the
nests when these are small is such an easy one that I cannot understand why
owners of good orchards allow this insect to work on their trees. A few
colonies of the Eed-humped apple tree caterpillar (Fig. 2) and the yellow-
necked apple tree caterpillar were observed, but of course these did not do
much harm. Cedars everywhere were much disfigured by the small cater-
pillars of Argyresthia ThujieUa, a beautiful little white moth with bronzy
bars on the wings. These minute larvse feed on the tips of the shoots, caus-
ing them to die and lose their natural color.

I am glad to inform the members of our Society that I have been able to
continue my collection of lepidoptera, most of my time being spent in work-
ing up our small forms, the micros. The specimens which I have brought
with me will, I think, delight some of jon. For these small moths the season
has been very good at Meach's Lake, where I spent the summer, but speak-
ing generally, I do not think the season was as good as 1905, at least in the
Meach's Lake district.

Fig. 1.-

-(a) The Zebra Caterpillar.
(6) The Moth (Mamestra picta).

Fig. 2. — The Red-humped Apple Tree
Caterpillar (Notodont^ concinna).

Division No. 2. — Midland District. By C. E. Grant, Orillia.

Though I have been very busy with town work this year, which has pre-
vented me from doing a great deal with the net, I have observed that most
insects have been unusually common; at the same time the rapid growth of
vegetation has apparently reduced the destructiveness of some species. The
chief complaint made to me in this neighborhood has been with regard to
the Buffalo beetle, which has become quite a nuisance here. Dr. Fletcher
was kind enough to send to the Pachet newspaper of Orillia the best methods

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 17

of prevention ; at the same time there does not seem to be any permanent
remedy if you do not close your houses up in the spring time. The cutworms
were very abundant and our old stand-bys, the codling moth and onion mag-
got were, as usual, destructive. The currant sawfly was also abundant this
year, though for two years previously I left some bushes unsprayed and they
were not at all eaten. Tent caterpillars were not numerous in the spring,
but the Fall Webworm was to be seen nearly everywhere in September. The
Tussock moths, though common as moths, do not do much harm as far as
noticed here. There has been no complaint of the Pea weevil, though I have
asked several intelligent farmers of the neighborhood to inform me of their
ravages if noticed. Altogether I might say that this district has not been
troubled with any serious outbreak of insect pests. Though the season has
been an exceptionally fine and warm one, as I said before, I have not been
able to give much time to entomology this year, but I have added one more
Plusia, also Harrisimemno, tvisignata and Arsilonche alboverwsa to my col-
lection of local moths. I also have to report the second capture of Junonia
coenia in Orillia.

Division No. 3. — Toronto District. By J. B. Williams, Toronto.

The Tussock moth, as usual, did a good deal of damage to the shade trees
in Toronto. About the middle of July the caterpillars began to let them-
selves down from the trees by a thread to the ground, and then ascended the
trunks to pupate. Many of them were very small, and had a sickly yellowish
look, and made poor little cocoons. Such, specimens, I imagine, had been
suffering from parasites, and on some trees the proportion of these small
cocoons that seemed to come to nothing was very large. I saw a cluster of
eggs on August 5th, but there do not seem to me to be as many eggs as usual
on the infested trees.

The row of chestnut trees from which I had the c6coons collected last
year, had some caterpillars on this year, but they were not nearly so numer-
ous as on some neighboring trees, so that the destruction of the Qgg masses
last year evidently did some good.

Apple trees around Toronto have been a good deal damaged by the Cod-
ling moth. In two orchards that I examined, one in the city and one about
a mile outside, a very large proportion of the apples had been rendered quite
worthless by the ravages of this pest.

1 visited Niagara Glen in September, and found the Walking stick in-
sects almost as numerous there as they were two years ago. Several large
basswood trees had been completely stripped of their foliage by these crea-
tures, and I noticed a Chestnut oak (Quercus prinus) some ten or twelve feet
in height, with about two-thirds of its foliage destroyed, but the swarms of
Stick insects that were upon it must, in a few days longer, have cleared off
every leaf.

Division No. 4. — Hamilton District. By George E. Fisher, Burlington.

In making my report of insect conditions in the Niagara District, which
as a Director of the Entomological Society of Ontario I am supposed to repre-
sent, I can speak advisedly of my own immediate section and of such particu-
lars ns came to my notice during occasional visits to other parts of the dis-
trict.

2 EN.

18 REPORT OF No. 19

The phenomenal increase of the San Jose scale and of the Fall Web-
worm and the attack of the Codling worm upon the apple crop, which was
unprecedented in severity, were the most conspicuous features of the year.

The Curculio, aphis, potato beetle, asparag"us beetle, cabbage worm and
a host of others were everywhere present and ready to take advantage of any
grower's neglect. Wireworms are making considerable trouble in garden
land, and the Spruce Gall-louse is continually cropping up and is now known
to be widely distributed. Tent caterpillars and Canker worms were not plen-
tiful.

As our growers understand it, the Wireworms require three or more
years to complete their life circle, and. are in the pupa stage during the,
months of August and September, when they are easily destroyed by deep
and frequent plowings and cultivation, but unfortunately the gardeners'
land at this season is so fully occupied with growing crops as to render such
treatment impracticable, and the pest continues.

Opinions differ as to the behaviour of the Spruce Gall-louse and the
people are looking to the entomologists to determine its life history and
habits definitely and to suggest « retriedy. In the meantime they are picking
oS the galls, spraying and fumigating, thus holding it in check where this
was done.

The Asparagus beetle has increased surprisingly. Small beds may be
protected by the hen-and-chick method, but in large plantations involving
several acres this is scarcely possible. There are instances of the young
growth being covered with beetles before reaching marketable size, which
disfigure both by gouging into it and by depositing their black eggs in large
numbers. In this condition it is valueless.

Asparagus rust is also very troublesome. The only convenient remedy
we know of for large blocks is careful and persistent spraying of the growth,
after cutting is discontinued, with Bordeaux mixture heavily charged with
arsenic, which will reduce both rust and insects. Some of our people have
signified their intenlion to give up the struggle, which is to be regretted, as
asparagus is generally appreciated, and under ordinary conditions is a source
of considerable revenue to the growers.

Copper sulphate is being much used on potatoes in the form of Bordeaux
mixture with arsenic, being first applied immediately after the first hoeing
and at regular intervals until about five treatments are given. In this way
blight is lessened, the vines retain their leaves, the crop is increased, the
quality improved, and the bugs do not at any time become plentiful, for
when larvae are young they eat much more ravenously than they do later on
and with less discrimination.

Notwithstanding the pains it takes to advertise its presence, the increase
of the Fall Web-worm is very marked indeed, which can be attributed only
to careless neglect on the part of the growers.

Grape-rot was prevalent in many sections and the free use of Bordeaux
was found to be very effective in controlling it. Four or five treatments are
necessary, the first treatment being given before the buds open. Where this
early spraying was omitted the rot was much more general, especially on the
red and white varieties, which in many instances when not sprayed early
showed a waste of from twenty to fifty per cent.

There is no insect so widely distributed and so destructive to the fruit
crop of the country as the Codling moth, which causes the loss of many thou-
sands of dollars annually. This was pre-eminently a Codling moth year, the
worst on record. In many apple orchards one-Tialf of the crop was wormy,
2a EN.

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 19

and ia some tlie proportion of injury was even greater. How to lessen the
ra\ages of tlie Codling worm is an intricate problem for apple and pear
groAveis who resort to various means. The most popular remedies are spray-
ing with arsenic, bandaging, and keeping hogs and sheep in the orchard.
Spraying, to be effective, must be done while the calyx remains open and
before tlie fruit turns down, which will be useful only in reducing the first
brood. Bandages should be applied early in June after the rough bark has
been scraped from the trunk and large limbs. Being thus deprived of the
natural v<=helter, the larvae will continue their pilgrimage until they ultimately
come to the snug quarters which the bandage affords, where they will remain.
If these bandages be removed, and, after the worms have been destroyed, be
returned to the tree at intervals of ten days and this be continued throughout
the seasvm and until after the crop is harvested, the evil will be materially
lessened Notwithstanding the great advantage which is sure to follow, these
methods require more time and labor than the average farmer is likely to
expend under existing labor conditions. In the Niagara district there are
a good many successful apple and pear orchards standing in sod, and the
owners unhesitatingly declare in favor of this treatment. Some cultivated
formerly, but have abandoned cultivation. Others have part of their orchards
in sod and part in cultivation, and say the trees in sod give the best results.
Tbey all agree that the grass must be kept pastured of£ very closely and never
be allowed to get much top.

Hogs and sheep are usually kept in these orchards. The advocates of
this method claim that their trees bear more regularly, that the fruit is more
highly colored, and keeps better than that from cultivated trees, and that
they keep the proportion of wormy apples well below ten per cent. I have
observed that pruning has been carefully attended to in all successful orchards
standing in sod.

I do not wish just yet to be understood as advocating sod in orchards,
but have no hesitation in endorsing all of the advantage that is claimed to
attend the presence of sheep and hogs. And further, this treatment is easy
and much more likely to be conducted to a successful conclusion than either
of the methods first mentioned.

Since its introduction into Canada never before did the San Jose scale
enjoy conditions so favorable for its increase as were experienced during the
past twelve months. The exceptionally mild winter suifered a much larger
proportion than is usual to come through alive, and the hot, dry summer
furnished ideal weather for rapid multiplication. It is needless to say that
the scale made the best possible use of its opportunity and that the increase
and spread were much greater than was ever before observed in this country.

This remarkable increase and the effect upon the trees were so easily seen
that many growers question the possibility of combatting the scale success-
fully, and are taking no action. At the same time a few others, who have
counted the cost carefully, and considered the advantage of both saving their
orchards, and disposing of full crops on bare markets, have used lime and
sulphur thoroughly cooked and freely applied for four or five years, with
exceedingly gratifying results. These men did not shrink from the neces-
sary expenditure, and besides maintaining their orchards in the highest
possible condition of health and vigor, have realized greater net profits from
them than they ever did before the advent of the San Jose scale, and this,
loo, in the midst of infested surroundings.

20 . REPORT OF No. 19

EVENING SESSION.

Wednesday, October lOth, 1906.

A public meeting was beld in the Massey Hall of the Ontario Agricul-
tural College at 8 o'clock, p.m. Notwithstanding the inclemency of the
weather, the first snowstorm of the season prevailing at the time, the large
hall was nearly filled with an appreciative audience, including" many of the
students from the College and Macdonald Institute and some visitors from
the city of Guelph. The chair was taken by Dr. Fletcher, the Yice-President,
who opened the proceedings by congratulating the Society upon its success-
ful removal from London to Guelph, and on the excellent arrangements that
have been made for its library and collections by the authorities of the On-
tario Agricultural College. He believed that the Society would fully ap-
preciate its new home and find its usefulness was very greatly extended by
its being placed in the midst of an enthusiastic band of young men and
women students. When these completed their courses of instruction they
would scatter all over the country, and carry with them much they had
le&rned through the instrumentality of the Society; many of them, too, would
become active members here and continue their connection after they had
left He looked forward with confidence to the bright days in store for the
Society in which it would fulfil the duties that devolved upon it in a larger
measure than ever before.

Peesidei^i Creelman gave a warm and hearty welcome to the Society
and expressed the pleasure that he and all connected with the College felt in
having its headquarters in their midst. Last year he was proud of the meet-
ing, which was held here at the College, and wished that we might have it
every year; now he was glad to say that this had come to pass and that these
annual meetings would, as a rule, be alwaj-s held here. This Ontario Ento-
mological Societj^ is a great Society, not so much in numbers as in the value
of the work that it has accomplished, and which it continues to perform.
He thSn spoke of the two systems of education and pointed out the advan-
tages to be obtained from a combination of a knowledge of natural history
with a good general education; this he considered much superior to the old-
fashioned methods in which the pupil grew up without any knowledge of the
common objects in the world about him. The practical value of Entomologj^
to farmers and fruit-growers he did not think could be over-estimated ; if put
into figures, it would mean nothing below millions of dollars. He was es-
pecially gratified that the chairman had described their new quarters as
"home," and trusted that it would continue to be their home for many a
year to come. He then placed at their disposal everything that the College
could offer for their comfort and convenience, and trusted that the meeting
would be both profitable and enjoyable.

The chairman then called upon Mr. John D. Evans, of Trenton, the
President of the Entomological Society, to read his address. This was fol-
lowed by a paper by Prof. Lochhead, of Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de
I^ellevue, P.Q., on "What the Entomological Society of Ontario can do for
the Ontario Agricultural College." In the absence of the writer, who was
unavoidably prevented from being present, the paper was read by Prof.
McCready. Mr. Paul Hahn, of Toronto, then gave a description of a canoe
trip for entomological purposes in the Algonquin Park, and illustrated his
remarks with a number of beautiful and interesting lantern slides made from
his original photographs. A hearty vote of thanks was given to Mr. Hahn
for his entertaining address. The proceedings of the evening were much
enlivened by musical selections, both vocal and instrumental, furnished by
the College Philharmonic Society.

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 21

ANNUAL ADDEESS OF THE PEESIDENT.
By John D. Evans, C.E., Trenton.

When at the annual meeting- of a year ago I referred in my address
to its being the first meeting held at the fountain-head of Economic Ento-
mology for the Province, little did we surmise that this noble Institution,
the Ontario Agricultural College, would so soon become the headquarters
of the Society,

We extended a hearty welcome on that occasion to Prof. Franklin Sher-
man on his accession to the duties of Entomologist, etc., on the staff of the
Ontario Agricultural College on the retirement of his most worthy predeces-
sor. Prof. Wm. Lochhead, but we little thought that his time with us would
be so brief; but no doubt he was sadly missed in his old haunts, and rejoic-
ings were much in evidence when he returned to his former position.

During his. Prof. Sherman's, short term of office he infused fresh blood
into matters entomological and laid the foundation for a more complete and
thorough system of collecting and maintaining a collection at the College of
the Insect fauna of Ontario.

Upon the retirement of Prof. Sherman, who could be found as his suc-
cessor more worthy or capable of undertaking the duties of Entomologist for
the college than our most highly esteemed Editor, Librarian and Curator,
Eev. Dr. C. J. S. Bethune, one of, if not the father, of Entomology in On-
tario. When this matter was settled it became a most serious consideration
for the welfare of this society into whose hands could be placed the care of
the Library and collections. No one resident in London could be found
who had the leisure and knowledge necessary for the proper performance of
the duties inherent to the circumstnaces. It was suggested that a transfer
of the 'Society's library and collections be made to Guelph, where accomo-
dations for the same and the business of the Society would be provided by
0. A. College authorities, rent free, and no change be necesasry in the office
of Librarian and Curator.

Some of the local (London) members of Council were adverse to the
proposed change, suggesting that the transfer should be made to the Normal
School in London, but others of the members being otherwise minded it was
proposed to take a vote of all the members of the Council. Towards this
end a circular letter was issued on the 4th day of May and ultimately re-
plies were received from all the members when the vote stood eleven for the
removal to Guelph and four against it ; one member declining to vote, but
suggested to lay the matter over until the Annual Meeting.

As the matter stood nearly three to one in favor of the removal, the
undertaking was carried out during the month of August last without ac-
cident or mishap of any kind, and the Library and collections are now in-
stalled in their new, commodious and most desirable quarters, where they
will be of inestimable value, not only to the students attending the college
from year to year, but to all investigators of Economic Entomology, the
College being the head centre, as it were, of that department in the Province,
and where they will naturally congregate and look for assistance and inspira-
tion.

Under the present conditions the usefulness of the Society will no doubt
be greatly extended. It is hoped for and trusted that the number of members
will be greatly increased through the instrumentality of the precincts of the

22 REPORT OF No. 19

0. A. College, and a goodly mimber of tlie names added from year to year
will continue on as active members long after tbey have severed their close
connection with the College and drifted off to the four quarters of the globe.

An agreement has been entered into by and between the 0. A. College
and the Entomological Society of Ontario whereby the College provides
ample accommodation for the Society's Library, Collections and business
requirements, free of rent and completely under its own control in every
respect, and subject to the withdrawal of the same by the Society at any
time they may be disposed to do so.

This present occasion is the Forty-Third Annual Meeting of the So-
ciety. During all these long years this occurrence has come around regularly
and without a break.

It was in 1863 (quoting from E-ev. Dr. Bethune's "Rise and Progress
of Entomology in Canada," printed in the Transactions of the Royal Society
of Canada and read May 26th, 1898,) that the Society had its inception at
a meeting held in Toronto at the residence of Prof. Croft.

In 1872 the headquarters were moved to London, Ont., where it has re-
mained up to the present year. It is with feelings of great regret that we
have to renounce old associations of such long standing, but a change was
imperatively necessary.. It is hoped and expected that the move recently
made will give a fresh impetus to the good works performed by the Society
in the past and that it will now enter upon a new lease of life with its range
of possibilities greatly augmented.

The quantity of new literature issued during the past year has been
quite up to the standard. Not only the usual number of periodicals, maga-
zines and reports of State, Federal and Provincial authorities have been
regularly issued, but reference might be made to several new books, notably
a new work on "Entomology," with special reference to its Biological and
Economic aspects, by Dr. Justus Watson Eolsom, in which are numerous
illustrations, many of them being entirely new and of a high grade..

Also "A Glossary of terms used in Entomology," by Dr. John B. Smith,
a much needed work which will prove of great service k» very many entomo-
logists.

We must all deplore the great destruction of property and loss of life
occasioned by the appalling earthquake and fire in San Francisco in the
early part of the year and express our heart-felt sympathy with the rescued
and sufferers. This, no doubt, has been the occasion of the most extensive
and irreparable loss the world has ever known of both private and public
collections of Insects and of Libraries relating to the same.

The season of 1906 has been an unusual one. The winter was extremely
mild, especially the months of January and February, with a very light
snow fall. This was followed by a very dry, cold backward spring and a
very wet June ; July, August and September being noted for the excessively
hot and unusually dry weather.

Insect depredations, so far as I have been able to ascertain, have been
but slight or of little consequence. The pea-weevil has not given any trouble.
Numerous instances of the nests of the Fall-web worm, Hyphantria cunea,
Dru., have been observed on apple, elm and other trees, but no serious injury
done.

In the vicinity of Frankford a number of cases occurred where isolated
oak trees had been completely defoliated, caused probably by the Forest
Caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria, Hub. Attempts were made to procure
some of the insects, but too late ; it was reported that they had died in large
numbers, but from what cause could not be ascertained.

1906 ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY. 23

For some years past in several portions of tlie United States, notably
New York State and New Jersey, also in Cuba, a war of extermination bas
been declared against tbe Mosquitoes by draining marshes and pools and also
by covering stagnant water with a thin coating of petroleum, but now the
fight is being carried to our own shores, for quite recently Mr. Henry. C.
Weeks, Secretary of the American Society for the Extermination of the
Mosquito, has been invited to Toronto to discuss and. advise with those ia-
terested as to the best means of combatting the evil on Toronto Island.

WHAT THE ONTARIO ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY CAN DO FOR
THE ONTARIO AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE.

By William Lochhead, Macdonald College, Ste. Anne de
Belle viJE, P.Q.

The removal of the headquarters of the Ontario Entomological Society
to the Ontario Agricultural College is now an accomplished fact ; and whether
it was a wise move or not remains to be proven by the accomplishment of
better work. I must, however, congratulate the 0. A. C. on the new rela-
tionship, for I see many advantages that will come by the transfer to the
College, and especially to the Entomological Department.

Eirst of all, the Entomological Society of Ontario has won a reputation
that is almost world wide; it is well and favorably known wherever insect
life is studied. Its publications are valued by every Entomological inves-
tigator of note, and the best workers of North America contribute regularly
to the pages of the Canadian Eiitojnologist. Eor 43 years our Society has
been in active existence, and the influence it has exerted during all these
years on the progress of Entomology and education along Nature-Study lines
in Canada has been very great and can scarcely be estimated.

Eor 43 years Dr. Bethune has stuck to the ship, and under his careful
guidance the shoals and rocks and bars have been successfully passed. All
honor to the men who have been associated with him for many years, viz.,
Dr. Saunders, Dr. Fletcher, Dr. Fyles, Mr. Lyman, Mr. Harrington and our
President, Mr. Evans, for their most valuable and voluntary assistance.
For 43 years the Ontario Entomological Society by means of its annual
reports and special popular lectures has been educating the rank and file
of the people into a knowledge of insect life.

I believe, therefore, that the transfer to the 0. A. C. of the headquarters
of a Society such as ours, which has done so much for Entomology the world
over, will give an impetus to the study of insects at the College, and the
Entomological Department at the 0. A. C. will become better known on ac-
count of its intimate connection with the Entomological Society.

Again, the Ontario Entomological Society has all along been known as
a great educational agency. It has taken the lead in educating the public
as to the life histories of the injurious insects and the best means of control-
ling these insects. It has also done much to foster the Nature-Study Move-
ment which means so much for the children. With its home at the centre
of the agricultural education of the Province the Entomological Society and
Entomological Department will be able to co-operate more effectively than
was possible in the past. I look for a great forward movement in educa-
tional lines under the new arrangement.

24 REPORT OF No. 19

Under tlie new partnersliip tlie Ontario Agricultural College can furnish
tlie facilities and means of doing work, viz., its laboratories, insectary and
funds for travelling. The Entomological Society can furnish the men and
influence. The members of the Society scattered through the Province can
be brought more closely into touch with the work of the Society and the De-
partment. Their energies can be directed to better advantage by the central
agency, Dr. Bethune and his assistants; and the season's observations will,
therefore, be more definite and hence more valuable.

As you all know, the Ontario Department of Agriculture publishes and
distributes for the Society its annual report which contains the papers pre-
pared by its members. This report is edited by Dr. Beth